Table 1.
Risks in prevention group by race
| BLACK N = 72 MEAN (SD) |
WHITE N = 143 MEAN (SD) |
RATIO (BLACK: WHITE) |
χ2 or t / df /p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC AND PSYCHOSOCIAL STATUS | ||||
| Age | 66.6 (9.9) | 65.5 (11.6) | 0.71 / 213 / 0.48 | |
| Female, % | 74 | 66 | 1.1:1 | 1.37 / 1 / 0.24 |
| Education in years | 13.5 (2.4) | 15.2 (2.8) | 4.34 / 210 / 0.0001 | |
| Census median income | 22,917 (n = 71) |
44,936 (n = 139) |
Wilcoxon p < 0.0001 | |
| Bereavement, % | 15 | 15 | 1:1 | 0.01 / 1 / 0.98 |
| Living alone, % | 46 | 31 | 1.5:1 | 4.27 / 1 / 0.04 |
| Caregiver, % | 25 | 21 | 1.2:1 | 0.45 / 1 / 0.50 |
| Interpersonal Support Evaluation List | ||||
| (range = 0–12, higher better) | ||||
| Self-esteem | 8.1 (2.0) | 7.6 (2.2) | 1.56 / 180 / 0.12 | |
| Belonging | 9.2 (2.5) | 8.5 (2.8) | 1.73 / 179 / 0.09 | |
| Appraisal | 9.2 (2.6) | 8.7 (2.8) | 1.28 / 180 / 0.20 | |
| Tangible | 9.0 (2.6) | 8.7 (2.6) | 0.54 / 179 / 0.59 | |
| MEDICAL COMORBIDITY AND HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE | ||||
| Obesity, % | 64 | 41 | 1.6:1 | 9.82 / 1 / 0.002 |
| Body Mass Index | 33.6 (7.4) | 29.0 (6.6) | 4.44 / 201 / 0.0001 | |
| Chronic pain, % | 28 | 29 | 1:1 | 0.02 / 1 / 0.89 |
| Functional disability, % | 25 | 11 | 2.3:1 | 6.86 / 1 / 0.01 |
| Cumulative Illness Rating | ||||
| Total | 8.6 (3.9) | 7.2 (3.7) | 2.51 / 210 / 0.02 | |
| Count | 5.3 (2.1) | 4.7 (2.2) | 1.87 / 212 / 0.06 | |
| Medical Outcomes (MOS/RAND12) | ||||
| (range 0–100, higher better) | ||||
| Physical | 39.6 (11.7) | 43.9 (11.5) | 2.51 / 199 / 0.02 | |
| Mental | 46.4 (10.3) | 47.0 (9.8) | 0.42 / 199 / 0.68 | |
| Late Life Functional Disability Instrument | ||||
| (range 0–100, higher better) | ||||
| Frequency (“does do”) | 56.3 (9.5) | 58.5 (8.0) | 1.61 / 171 / 0.11 | |
| Limitation (“can do”) | 60.2 (13.6) | 64.7 (11.1) | 2.41 / 171 / 0.02 | |
| PSYCHIATRIC AND PSYCHOLOGICAL STATUS | ||||
| History of MDD, % | 29 | 36 | 0.8:1 | 1.11 / 1 / 0.29 |
| CES-D | 22.1 (8.2) | 20.7 (7.8) | 1.17 / 209 / 0.24 | |
| Hamilton Rating Scale (HRSD-17) | 12.1 (3.6) | 10.8 (3.8) | 2.38 / 209 / 0.02 | |
| Chronic insomnia, % | 64 | 59 | 1.1:1 | 0.53 / 1 / 0.47 |
| Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory | ||||
| (range = 0–21, higher = worse) | 8.8 (3.4) | 7.7 (3.6) | 2.26 / 200 / 0.03 | |
| Anxiety disorder, % | 33 | 27 | 1.2:1 | 0.85 / 1 / 0.36 |
| Brief Symptom Inventory | 0.48 (0.47) | 0.54 (0.51) | 0.84 / 203 / 0.40 | |
| (range = 0–4, higher = worse) | ||||
| History of alcohol/drug abuse, % | 25 | 10 | 2.5:1 | 8.74 / 1 / 0.003 |
| Social Problem Solving Inventory | ||||
| (range 0–120, higher scores are better) | ||||
| Total (scaled score) | 106.0 (13.1) | 103.7 (13.4) | 1.10 / 185 / 0.27 | |
| Positive Problem Orientation (scaled score) | 102.0 (15.6) | 98.6 (15.9) | 1.45 / 200 / 0.15 | |
| COGNITIVE STATUS | ||||
| MMSE | 27.3 (1.7) | 28.8 (1.3) | 6.68 / 209 / 0.0001 | |
| EXIT | 7.7 (4.4) | 6.1 (4.1) | 2.57 / 185 / 0.02 | |
| Mean number of risk factors per subject | 4.3 (1.7) | 3.5 (1.7) | 3.32 / 213 / 0.001 | |
Bold indicates main risk factor.
MDD = major depressive disorder; CES-D = Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; MMSE = Mini-mental State Examination; EXIT = Executive Interview