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. 2011 Feb 17;34(3):641–645. doi: 10.2337/dc10-1716

Table 1.

Infant feeding and characteristics of EPOCH subjects according to exposure to maternal diabetes in utero

Unexposed to diabetes in utero Exposed to diabetes in utero P
n 379 89
Infant feeding
 Any breastfeeding (% yes) 88.0 83.2 0.2
 Any formula-feeding (% yes) 73.7 77.0 0.5
 Average duration of breastfeeding£ 7.51 ± 7.35 6.79 ± 5.97 0.3
 Breastfeeding exclusivity (%)
  Exclusively formula-fed (weight = 0) 120 (32.2) 24 (27.9) 0.9
  More formula than breast milk (weight = 0.25) 22 (5.9) 4 (4.7)
  Equal formula and breast milk (weight = 0.50) 40 (10.7) 12 (13.9)
  More breast milk than formula (weight = 0.75) 47 (12.6) 11 (12.8)
  Exclusively breast-fed (weight = 1) 99 (26.5) 20 (23.3)
 Breast milk–months¥
  Low (<6 months, n = 253) 54.1 53.9 1.0
  Adequate (≥6 months, n = 215) 45.9 46.1
Offspring characteristics
 Current age (years) 10.6 ± 1.3 9.6 ± 1.7 <0.0001
 Sex (% males) 48.8 55.6 0.3
 Tanner stage (% <2) 50.8 71.1 0.0005
 Race/ethnicity (%)
  NHW 45.7 60.0 0.04
  Hispanic 45.1 34.4
  AA 9.2 5.6
 Birth weight (g) 3,286 ± 526 3,366 ± 489 0.2
 Gestational age (weeks) 38.9 ± 2.1 38.7 ± 1.6 0.2
Maternal characteristics
 Age at delivery (years) 30.0 ± 5.4 33.0 ± 5.3 <0.0001
 Education (%)
  < High school 0.7 3.3 0.1
  High school 11.4 7.8
  Any college 87.9 88.9
 Total household income (% <$50,000/year) 20.9 15.6 0.3

Data are n (%) or means ± SD unless otherwise indicated.

£Includes mixed breast- and formula-feeding.

‡Only for period after formula was introduced.

¥Weighted months of mixed breast milk and formula (duration of exclusive breastfeeding [months] + duration mixed breast- and formula-feeding [months] × exclusivity weight).

AA, non-Hispanic African American; NHW, non-Hispanic white.

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