Table 1.
Infant feeding and characteristics of EPOCH subjects according to exposure to maternal diabetes in utero
Unexposed to diabetes in utero | Exposed to diabetes in utero | P | |
---|---|---|---|
n | 379 | 89 | |
Infant feeding | |||
Any breastfeeding (% yes) | 88.0 | 83.2 | 0.2 |
Any formula-feeding (% yes) | 73.7 | 77.0 | 0.5 |
Average duration of breastfeeding£ | 7.51 ± 7.35 | 6.79 ± 5.97 | 0.3 |
Breastfeeding exclusivity (%) | |||
Exclusively formula-fed (weight = 0)‡ | 120 (32.2) | 24 (27.9) | 0.9 |
More formula than breast milk (weight = 0.25)‡ | 22 (5.9) | 4 (4.7) | |
Equal formula and breast milk (weight = 0.50)‡ | 40 (10.7) | 12 (13.9) | |
More breast milk than formula (weight = 0.75)‡ | 47 (12.6) | 11 (12.8) | |
Exclusively breast-fed (weight = 1) | 99 (26.5) | 20 (23.3) | |
Breast milk–months¥ | |||
Low (<6 months, n = 253) | 54.1 | 53.9 | 1.0 |
Adequate (≥6 months, n = 215) | 45.9 | 46.1 | |
Offspring characteristics | |||
Current age (years) | 10.6 ± 1.3 | 9.6 ± 1.7 | <0.0001 |
Sex (% males) | 48.8 | 55.6 | 0.3 |
Tanner stage (% <2) | 50.8 | 71.1 | 0.0005 |
Race/ethnicity (%) | |||
NHW | 45.7 | 60.0 | 0.04 |
Hispanic | 45.1 | 34.4 | |
AA | 9.2 | 5.6 | |
Birth weight (g) | 3,286 ± 526 | 3,366 ± 489 | 0.2 |
Gestational age (weeks) | 38.9 ± 2.1 | 38.7 ± 1.6 | 0.2 |
Maternal characteristics | |||
Age at delivery (years) | 30.0 ± 5.4 | 33.0 ± 5.3 | <0.0001 |
Education (%) | |||
< High school | 0.7 | 3.3 | 0.1 |
High school | 11.4 | 7.8 | |
Any college | 87.9 | 88.9 | |
Total household income (% <$50,000/year) | 20.9 | 15.6 | 0.3 |
Data are n (%) or means ± SD unless otherwise indicated.
£Includes mixed breast- and formula-feeding.
‡Only for period after formula was introduced.
¥Weighted months of mixed breast milk and formula (duration of exclusive breastfeeding [months] + duration mixed breast- and formula-feeding [months] × exclusivity weight).
AA, non-Hispanic African American; NHW, non-Hispanic white.