Table 1.

Associations with incidence of LEA

	Univariate			Multivariate
	OR	95% CI	P value	OR	95% CI	P value
Sex (male vs. female)	3.25	1.99–5.28	<0.001	3.90	2.29–6.65	<0.001
Age at diagnosis (years)
10–19 vs. <10	0.71	0.41–1.22	0.21
20–29 vs. <10	0.52	0.27–0.99	0.07
Glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (per 1%)	1.36	1.22–1.52	<0.001	1.40	1.24–1.58	<0.001
Glycosylated hemoglobin A1c quartiles (%)
9.5–10.5 vs. <9.5	1.63	0.88–3.03	0.12
10.6–12.0 vs. <9.5	1.99	1.09–3.64	0.03
12.1–19.5 vs. <9.5	4.61	2.49–8.54	<0.001
Diabetic retinopathy	3.83	1.71–8.58	0.001	2.62	1.13–6.09	0.04
Diabetic retinopathy severity
Mild vs. none	1.91	0.79–4.61	0.15
Moderate vs. none	3.99	1.49–10.67	0.006
PDR vs. none	13.53	5.73–31.93	<0.001
Proteinuria	2.85	1.77–4.59	<0.001	1.34	0.74–2.41	0.34
Hypertension	3.21	2.03–5.06	<0.001	3.36	1.91–5.93	<0.001
Smoking history
Past vs. never	1.77	0.98–3.20	0.06
Current vs. never	2.01	1.23–3.90	0.006
Pack years smoked
<5 vs. none	1.44	0.73–2.84	0.30	1.26	0.58–2.72	0.56
5–14 vs. none	1.90	0.99–3.64	0.05	1.28	0.63–2.60	0.50
≥15 vs. none	2.52	1.43–4.46	0.01	2.07	1.11–3.85	0.02
Cardiovascular disease history*	0.93	0.27–3.17	0.91
Neuropathy history	2.00	1.27–3.16	0.003	1.68	1.02–2.76	0.04
BMI (kg/m2)
25–30 vs. <25	1.13	0.70–1.83	0.61
>30 vs. <25	0.45	0.14–1.46	0.18

All models (univariate and multivariate) additionally control for age. Missing rows indicate that variable was not significant and thus not included in the final multivariate model. Smoking history was not entered in the model because of multicollinearity with pack years smoked variable. PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

*Defined as having a history of angina, myocardial infarction, or stroke.