Table 1.
Comparison of the SMI and non–SMI patients
| SMI patients | Non–SMI patients |
P value* |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | (n = 41) | (n = 46) | OR (95% CI) | Univariate | Multivariate |
| Female sex | 8 (20) | 13 (28) | — | 0.34 | — |
| Age (years) | 66 ± 11 | 62 ± 10 | — | 0.14 | — |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.0 ± 3.3 | 24.1 ± 3.1 | — | 0.9 | — |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 11.0 ± 6.3 | 10.3 ± 9.1 | — | 0.82 | — |
| Current smoker | 13 (32) | 22 (48) | — | 0.13 | — |
| Family history of diabetes | 20 (49) | 33 (72) | — | 0.19 | — |
| Hypertension | 30 (73) | 36 (78) | — | 0.45 | — |
| Hyperlipidemia | 29 (71) | 27 (59) | — | 0.18 | — |
| Cardiovascular disease | 6 (15) | 5 (11) | 1.01 (0.15–6.87) | 0.6 | 0.99 |
| Diabetic treatment | |||||
| Diet only | 8 (20) | 11 (24) | — | 0.62 | — |
| Oral hypoglycemic agent | 23 (56) | 25 (54) | — | 0.87 | — |
| Use of sulfonamides | 16 (39) | 17 (37) | 1.02 (0.31–3.4) | 0.84 | 0.97 |
| Insulin | 10 (24) | 10 (22) | — | 0.77 | — |
| ACE inhibitors or ARB | 28 (68) | 24 (52) | — | 0.13 | — |
| Statins | 24 (59) | 21 (46) | — | 0.23 | — |
| Calcium channel blockers | 11 (27) | 9 (20) | — | 0.42 | — |
| Serum cholesterol (mmol/L) | |||||
| Total | 4.97 ± 1.01 | 4.97 ± 0.88 | — | 0.96 | — |
| LDL | 2.77 ± 0.88 | 2.82 ± 0.72 | — | 0.72 | — |
| Serum triglycerides (mmol/L) | 3.65 ± 2.09 | 4.34 ± 2.95 | — | 0.2 | |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.6 ± 1.8 | 6.9 ± 1.3 | 0.7 (0.47–1.04) | 0.05 | 0.08 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | |||||
| Resting | 87 ± 11 | 81 ± 12 | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | 0.01 | 0.67 |
| Maximum | 133 ± 14 | 143 ± 13 | 0.98 (0.91–1.05) | <0.001 | 0.54 |
| 1-min | 115 ± 14 | 113 ± 15 | — | 0.45 | — |
| 3-min | 95 ± 12 | 90 ± 11 | — | 0.05 | — |
| Recovery | 18 ± 6 | 30 ± 12 | 0.83 (0.75–0.92) | <0.0001 | 0.0006 |
| Maximum METs | 7.2 ± 2.1 | 9.0 ± 1.7 | 0.79 (0.56–1.12) | <0.0001 | 0.19 |
| Rate pressure product | 25,316 ± 4,739 | 28,368 ± 4,641 | 1.0 (0.99–1.01) | 0.0032 | 0.41 |
| Achievement of THR | 25 (61) | 35 (76) | — | 0.13 | — |
Data are mean ± SD or number (%).
ARB, angiotensin-receptor blocker; OR, odds ratio; THR, target heart rate.
*The t test or χ2 test was used to assess differences between the SMI group and non–SMI group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the parameters significantly associated with myocardial ischemia using heart rate recovery, max METs, resting heart rate, maximum heart rate, rate pressure product, HbA1c, use of sulfonamides, and history of cardiovascular disease.