Table 3.
Observation of health workers' use of devices for blood collection, transfer and deposition
| Nigeria n = 78a |
Philippines n = 75a |
Uganda n = 74a |
Combined n = 227a |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number (%) observed "Yes" for any of the health worker's 3 transfers per device | ||||
| ≥ 1 failed attempt to collect blood | ||||
| LOOP | 21/77 (27%) | 49/74 (66%) | 16 (22%) | 86/225 (38%) |
| STRAW-PIPETTE | 43/77 (56%) | 32/73 (44%) | 22 (30%) | 97/224 (43%) |
| GLASS CAPILLARY | 13/77 (17%) | 8/74 (11%) | 4 (5%) | 25/225 (11%) |
| CALIBRATED PIPETTE | 54 (69%) | 23/74 (31%) | 14 (19%) | 91/226 (40%) |
| INVERTED CUP | 3/75 (4%) | 14/72 (19%) | 1 (1%) | 18/221 (8%) |
| Blood released unintentionally during transfer | ||||
| LOOP | 0/76 | 1/73 (1%) | 1 (1%) | 2/223 (1%) |
| STRAW-PIPETTE | 1/76 (1%) | 0/73 | 1 (1%) | 2/223 (1%) |
| GLASS CAPILLARY | 2/76 (3%) | 1/73 (1%) | 0 | 3/223 (1%) |
| CALIBRATED PIPETTE | 9 (12%) | 0/74 | 0 | 9/226 (4%) |
| INVERTED CUP | 0/75 | 0/72 | 1 (1%) | 1/221 (0.5%) |
| ≥ 1 failed attempt to deposit blood | ||||
| LOOP | 7/75 (9%) | 17/73 (23%) | 4 (5%) | 28/222 (13%) |
| STRAW-PIPETTE | 24/77 (31%) | 12/73 (16%) | 11 (15%) | 47/224 (21%) |
| GLASS CAPILLARYb | 78 (100%) | 35/73 (48%) | 23 (31%) | 136/225 (60%) |
| CALIBRATED PIPETTE | 16/77 (21%) | 11/74 (15%) | 9/74 (12%) | 36/225 (16%) |
| INVERTED CUP | 13/72 (18%) | 28/71 (39%) | 8 (11%) | 49/217 (23%) |
| Health worker exposed to blood | ||||
| LOOP | 12/77 (16%) | 1/72 (1%) | 0 | 13/223 (6%) |
| STRAW-PIPETTE | 7/76 (9%) | 3/70 (4%) | 2/73 (3%) | 12/219 (5%) |
| GLASS CAPILLARY | 3/73 (4%) | 5/72 (7%) | 1 (1%) | 9/219 (4%) |
| CALIBRATED PIPETTE | 18/77 (23%) | 3/74 (4%) | 2 (3%) | 23/225 (10%) |
| INVERTED CUP | 4/74 (5%) | 0/72 | 0 | 4/220 (2%) |
a Where alternative "n" specified, the balance had blank data in the case record forms.
b The glass capillary's results for blood deposition were negatively affected by the fact that the filter paper surface used in this study does not consistently draw blood from the capillary device, and therefore it was more difficult for study participants to deposit blood using this device.