Table 1.

Activities Included in the Click City^®: Tobacco 5^th Grade Program

Activity Mechanism	Description
Classmates  Descriptive norms; normative social images	Students estimate their classmates’ responses to a confidential survey asking about tobacco use, intentions and social images. They compare their estimates with how their classmates actually responded to counteract overestimation bias.
Tobacco Tour  Risk of short-and long-term physical consequences	Students travel inside cigarettes and smokeless tobacco products to learn about the chemical ingredients and associated health effects.
Kid’s Choice   Risk of short- and long- term physical consequences	Students watch affect-arousing movies on the short- and long- term health effects of smoking and second hand smoke. They vote for their favorite, and see their classmates’ favorites.
Make Your Own Smoker   Social images; normative social images	In a “Mr. Potato-head” game, students choose between attributes (e.g. smart/dumb) to portray their social images of smokers. During the next lesson, they see a composite of their classmates “potato heads” and can change theirs to agree with the consensus.
Addiction 101 Risk of addiction	Students watch science experiments demonstrating the physiological, psychological, and social aspects of addiction, craving and withdrawal.
Addiction Pong   Risk of addiction; lack of control; difficulty in quitting	Students play a “pong-like” game in which they bat away cigarettes. They find it hard to avoid cigarettes and not get addicted. They see their classmates’ scores and learn that most became addicted.
Wheel of Misfortune   Risk of addiction; lack of control	In a smoking roulette game, students can win points but eventually lose when the wheel stops on “addicted.” They compare their scores with their classmates and learn that everyone gets addicted to smoking.
Camp Cravings   Addiction; Power of cravings; social images	Students play a board game in which campers who smoke miss out on fun activities and are dull and boring, because they must stop and smoke cigarettes to calm their cravings.
Second Hand Smoke Lab  Risk of consequences	Students see the negative health effects that happen over time to people who are exposed to secondhand smoke.
Smoker Soaker  Risk of consequences	Students rescue restaurant patrons from secondhand smoke by extinguishing smokers’ cigarettes. They can compare their best score with their classmates’.
Personality Quiz  Social images	Students, acting as newspaper reporters, take a personality quiz and then interview someone similar to them to find about what they think about tobacco. They write an article based on the interview that is viewed by other students.
Time Machine  Cumulative risk	Students use a time machine to virtually travel through time to see what happens to parts of the body when someone uses tobacco, even a little bit, over 1, 5 & 10 years.
Choose to Refuse  Perceived behavior control/social images	Students choose an ending for scenarios in which they are tempted to use tobacco. Social images are more favorable for endings where tobacco is not chosen. At the end of each scenario they choose from different ways to refuse tobacco and see what other students chose.
Truth or Dare  Descriptive norms	Students play “Truth or Dare” to estimate the number of kids who use tobacco, and other drugs. Their estimates are compared to national prevalence estimates. They are told that most kids overestimate these behaviors.
Make a Video  Social images	Students create a music video that shows how smoking negatively affects one teen’s life. All scenes depict unfavorable social images. Students’ finished videos are available to view.
Definition of a Smoker  Normative social images	Students view images of smokers, and find out that most kids think people who smoke are not cool, popular, smart, good looking or exciting.
Addiction Maze   Optimism bias; addiction	Students navigate a maze, and encounter cigarettes along the way. They cannot escape the maze, and learn that they, just like everyone else, can get addicted.
Every Cigarette Does  Cumulative risk	Students view affectively powerful videos that show what cigarette smoke does over time to the brain, eyes, heart, and lungs. They vote for the “grossest” video and later find out how their classmates voted.
Classmates Redux  Descriptive norms	Students re-estimate their classmates’ reports of tobacco- related behaviors/cognitions, and then view their classmates’ actual reports.
Get a Clue  A review activity	Students play a hidden objects game that reinforces all concepts from the previous lessons.
Playground  Making a commitment1	Students post an anti-tobacco commitment, and then view theirs and their classmates’ commitments.

¹Making a commitment is an integral component of many intervention and prevention programs, but does not target a mechanism which we measured. It is based on cognitive dissonance theory: to avoid the undesirable state of cognitive dissonance, people’s behavior should be consistent with their commitments. In addition, the accountability of making a public commitment is believed to increase the likelihood of adherence.