Table 1.

Study characteristics of participants in the Belgian case–control study on bladder cancer

	Cases n (%)	Controls n (%)	p-Values
Sex			<0.001
Women	27 [14]	151 [40]
Men	171 (86)	226 (60)
Age			<0.001
Mean (SD)	67.6 (9.9)	64.2 (9.6)
Smoking status			<0.001
Non-current	32 (16)	156 (41)
Current	166 (84)	221 (59)
Smoking duration			<0.001
<10 years	33 (17)	182 (48)
>10 years	165 (83)	194 (52)
Cigarettes/day			<0.001
<15/day	86 (43)	259 (69)
>15/day	112 (57)	117 (31)
Occupational exposure a			0.11
No	169 (85)	338 (90)
Yes	29 [15]	38 [10]

Micronutrient Intake	Cases mean (SD)	Controls mean (SD)	p-values
Sodium (mg)	4,096.08 (2269.37)	4,600.64 (4706.48)	0.08
Potassium (mg)	4,991.91 (1766.33)	5,296.59 (2565.05)	0.10
Calcium (mg)	1,127.16 (570.99)	1,194.46 (840.17)	0.26
Magnesium (mg)	436.46 (165.29)	461.99 (227.31)	0.12
Phosphorus (mg)	1,898.29 (769.42)	1,940.38 (841.74)	0.56
Zinc (mg)	14.47 (6.35)	14.73 (7.45)	0.66
Copper (mg)	2.53 (1.72)	2.78 (2.00)	0.12
Iron (mg)	21.28 (8.76)	23.11 (18.11)	0.10
Vitamin D (μg)	7.24 (17.92)	8.54 (18.22)	0.41
Thiamin (mg)	1.67 (0.77)	1.77 (0.91)	0.17
Riboflavin (mg)	1.92 (0.78)	2.03 (1.01)	0.15

n number, SD standard deviation, mg milligrams, μg micrograms

^aOccupation exposure never vs. ever PAHs and aromatic amines