Table 3.

Effects of prazosin on somatic nicotine withdrawal signs.

Prazosin (mg/kg)		vehicle	0.25	0.5	1
Abd. const.	Saline	0.0 ± 0.0+	0.0 ± 0.0++	0.0 ± 0.0+	0.0 ± 0.0++
	Nicotine	7.9 ± 1.8	8.1 ± 1.2	7.6 ± 1.7	8.1 ± 2.1
Eye blinks	Saline	4.3 ± 0.6+	5.8 ± 0.9+	8.0 ± 2.2	3.9 ± 0.9
	Nicotine	25.1 ± 2.9	14.4 ± 2.8**	11.6 ± 2.9**	7.6 ± 1.9**
Ptosis	Saline	0.5 ± 0.5	5.8 ± 1.3*	4.1 ± 1.7	6.8 ± 1.1*
	Nicotine	4.8 ± 1.5	9.3 ± 1.3*	9.2 ± 1.8*	9.8 ± 1.4
Facial fasc.	Saline	0.1 ± 0.0++	0.0 ± 0.0++	0.0 ± 0.0+	0.0 ± 0.0++
	Nicotine	3.4 ± 0.9	3.2 ± 1.2	1.9 ± 0.6	2.4 ± 0.6
Yawns	Saline	0.0 ± 0.0+	0.4 ± 0.4++	0.4 ± 0.2++	0.0 ± 0.0++
	Nicotine	1.9 ± 0.8	5.7 ± 1.0*	5.2 ± 0.8*	7.2 ± 0.7**
Shakes	Saline	3.5 ± 2.0	6.5 ± 2.9	7.4 ± 4.0	7.5 ± 2.6
	Nicotine	7.6 ± 2.2	11.8 ± 3.3	10.5 ± 3.3	13.1 ± 3.0*
Other signs	Saline	0.4 ± 0.2	0.4 ± 0.3	0.8 ± 0.3	0.3 ± 0.2
	Nicotine	1.9 ± 1.4	0.0 ± 0.0	0.3 ± 0.3	0.0 ± 0.0

Somatic signs in nicotine-treated (n = 10) and saline-treated rats (n = 8) as recorded during 10-minute observation periods. Abdominal constrictions include gasps and writhes; facial fasciculations include cheek tremors and teeth chattering; shakes include head shakes and body shakes; other signs include escape attempts and genital licks.

Plus signs (+ P<0.05, ++ P<0.01) indicate fewer somatic signs in the saline group than in the nicotine group.

Asterisks (* P<0.05, ** P<0.01) indicate a decrease or increase in the number of somatic signs compared to rats in the same treatment group (nicotine or saline) and acutely treated with vehicle. Data are expressed as means ± SEM.