FIG. 4.

ROS mediate insulin signaling in the A. stephensi midgut epithelium in vivo. Mosquitoes were fed blood meals supplemented with PBS as a control, 170 pM human insulin, 5 μM MnTBAP, or insulin plus MnTBAP. (A) Representative western blots of pERK and pFOXO. (B) Fold changes in phospho-specific proteins in pairwise comparisons of treatments or of treatments and controls from three independent experiments were analyzed with Student's t-test (α = 0.05). GAPDH levels provided an assessment of protein loading and were used to normalize corresponding phospho-protein levels. Data are represented as means ± SEMs and significant differences are indicated.