Table 2.

A comparison of characteristics of LN in humans and mice

Features of human LN	Spontaneous disease in lupus mice*
Female predominance	NZB/W F1, NZM2328
Serum autoantibodies
anti-nuclear, anti-dsDNA	All strains
anti-Sm	MRL/lpr
Kidney Pathology
Glomerular Immune complexes	All strains
Proliferative GN	All strains
Type V membranous nephropathy	None**
Glomerulosclerosis	All strains
Tubulointerstitial inflammation	All strains
Cellular infiltrates
Neutrophils	NZM2328
Macrophages	All strains
Dendritic cells	All strains
NK cells	MRL/lpr
T cells (CD4/CD8)	MRL/lpr, NZM2328, NZB/W F1
B cells	NZB/W F1
Plasma cells	NZB/W F1
Kidney failure***	All strains
Other clinical features
Hypertension	None reported
Systemic involvement	skin, MRL/lpr; salivary glands, NZB/W F1

Abbreviations: dsDNA, double-stranded DNA; LN, lupus nephritis; NZB, New Zealand Black; NZW, NZ White; NZM, NZ Mixed; NK, natural killer; GN, glomerulonephritis.

^*includes NZB/W F1, NZM2410, NZM2328, MRL/lpr, BXSB strains

^**can be induced by immuno-modulation

^***elevated serum creatinine, serum urea nitrogen, proteinuria