Table 3.

Potential therapeutic targets/pathways for modulation of pathogenic glomerular responses in glomerular diseases

MODEL	Target	Agent	Therapeutic effect in kidney	Reference
Thy1.1 induced GN	EGR1	Antisense ODN	reduced mesangial cell proliferation	49
	E2F	Decoy ODN	reduced PCNA and cdk2 kinase	50
	AP1	Decoy ODN	reduced TGFβ, PAI, mesangial cell proliferation, ECM production	51
	MAPK1	siRNA	Reduced TGFβ, glomerulosclerosis, PAI, ECM production	52
anti-GBM nephritis	NFκB	Decoy ODN	Reduced IL-1β, ICAM, inflammation, proteinuria	53
	Anti-E selectin immunoliposomes	dexamethasone	Reduced ICAM, inflammation	54,55
Streptozotocin induced diabetic nephropathy	TGFβ	Antisense ODN	Reduced TGFβ in urine and kidney	56
	SP1	Decoy ODN	Reduced type IV collagen, fibronectin, α-smooth muscle actin	57

Abbreviations: cdk2, cyclin dependent kinase 2; ODN, oligodeoxynucleotide; PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen; EGR1, early growth response 1; GN, glomerulonephritis; siRNA, small interfering RNA; TGFβ, transforming growth factor β; GBM, glomerular basement membrane; IV, intravenous; ECM, extracellular matrix; NFκB, nuclear factor-κB; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; PAI, plasminogen activator inhibitor; IL-1β, interleukin 1β.