Table 1.

Animal Models of Membranous Nephropathy

Animal	Antigen	Glomerular Immune Deposits	Tubular Immune Deposits	Comments	Ref
Rat	Megalin (PHN)	+++P	++P	Pro: Currently best model, widely used, nearly identical pathology, easy to produce, short time frame. Con: PHN antigen (megalin) not found in human MN	[12]
Rat	Megalin (AHN)	+++P	++P	Longer to produce, more variable, more discomfort for rats	[1]
Rat	DPPIV	+T	+T	Transient model, few immune deposits	[31,39]
Mouse	Cationic BSA	++P	-	Best mouse model, limited experience.	[32]
Mouse	Renal tubular antigen	++P	++P	Subepithelial deposits, but minimal proteinuria	[33,40]
Mouse	Aminopeptidase A	++P	+++P	Proteinuria marked, but complement independent	[34,35]
Rabbit	NEP	+T	-	Rarely used	[2]
Rabbit	DPPIV	++P	-	Rarely used	[41,42]
Rabbit	ACE	+T	+++P	Rarely used	[41,43,44]
Pig	ACE	++P	+++P	Rarely used	[37]

CD26: dipeptidyl peptidase IV, NEP: neutral endopeptidase, P: persistent, large diffuse; T: small focal transient. (Adapted from Table 1 Maruyama S et al, J Am Soc Nephrol 1999[37]).