Table 3.
Multilevel hazard model predicting monthly rate of out-migration separately for males and females in Nepal’s Chitwan Valley 1997–1999.
| Independent variables | Local Moves |
Distant Moves |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males | Females | Males | Females | |
| Environmental controls | ||||
| Perceived productivity decline | 1.30+ | 1.34+ | 1.19+ | 1.12 |
| Share of neighborhood green | 0.99 | 0.97** | 1.01+ | 1.00 |
| Time to gather firewood | 1.16** | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.04+ |
| Time to collect fodder | 1.08 | 1.21+ | 1.04 | 1.14* |
| Population density | 0.98 | 0.96+ | 1.01 | 0.98 |
| Theoretical controls | ||||
| Human capital | ||||
| Enrolled in school | 0.60* | 0.40** | 0.85 | 0.57*** |
| Years of schooling | 0.94** | 1.06** | 1.04*** | 1.08*** |
| Currently has wage job | 0.67* | 0.75+ | 1.02 | 0.93 |
| Currently has salaried job | 1.82** | 11.30*** | 1.59** | 1.47 |
| Social capital | ||||
| Household network tie | 1.12 | 1.00 | 1.36** | 1.51*** |
| Neighborhood prevalence | 3.01 | 2.82 | 6.69** | 2.96+ |
| Physical capital | ||||
| Access to markets | 0.92 | 1.22+ | 1.06 | 0.99 |
| Farmland | 1.48 | 1.20 | 0.64* | 0.67+ |
| Equipment | 1.20* | 1.16* | 1.07+ | 0.95 |
| Livestock | 0.85** | 0.93+ | 0.95* | 1.01 |
| House plot owned | 0.37** | 0.46* | 0.70+ | 1.53 |
| Home quality | 0.87*** | 0.97 | 0.99 | 1.05* |
| Demographic controls | ||||
| Age (Birth cohort) | ||||
| 15–24 (1972–1981) | 9.60*** | 4.43*** | 4.22*** | 1.80** |
| 25–34 (1962–1971) | 5.82*** | 3.26*** | 2.10*** | 0.80 |
| 25–44 (1952–1961) | 1.87* | 2.68** | 0.88 | 0.66* |
| 45–59 (1936–1951) | ||||
| Ethnicity | ||||
| High Caste Hindu | ||||
| Low Caste Hindu | 0.50* | 1.88* | 1.23 | 1.09 |
| Hill Tibeto-Burmese | 0.57* | 1.14 | 1.25+ | 1.21 |
| Newar | 0.51 | 2.28* | 0.82 | 0.97 |
| Terai Tibeto-Burmese | 0.67+ | 2.38** | 0.83 | 0.83 |
| Duration | ||||
| Month | 0.94* | 0.91** | 0.96** | 1.00 |
| Month squared | 1.00+ | 1.01* | 1.01+ | 1.00 |
| ICC | 0.69 | 0.65 | 0.17 | 0.12 |
| Deviance | 1,166 | 1,180 | 3,798 | 3,721 |
| Person Months | 29,434 | 38,875 | 29,562 | 39,771 |