Table 4.
Multilevel hazard model predicting monthly rate of out-migration separately for high caste Hindus and other ethnic groups in Nepal’s Chitwan Valley 1997–1999.
| Independent variables | Local Moves |
Distant Moves |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| High Caste | Other | High Caste | Other | |
| Environmental conditions | ||||
| Perceived productivity decline | 0.93 | 1.48* | 1.06 | 1.29* |
| Share of neighborhood green | 1.00 | 0.97* | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Time to gather firewood | 1.00 | 1.17*** | 1.04 | 1.01 |
| Time to collect fodder | 1.05 | 1.10 | 1.15* | 1.12+ |
| Population density | 0.97 | 0.97 | 1.01 | 0.99 |
| Theoretical controls | ||||
| Human capital | ||||
| Enrolled in school | 0.84 | 0.44** | 1.04 | 0.55*** |
| Years of schooling | 1.02 | 0.98 | 1.08*** | 1.06*** |
| Currently has wage job | 0.58** | 0.80 | 0.83+ | 1.23* |
| Currently has salaried job | 1.46 | 2.61*** | 0.87 | 1.95*** |
| Social capital | ||||
| Household network tie | 2.18*** | 0.70* | 1.48*** | 1.44*** |
| Neighborhood prevalence | 0.99* | 47.41* | 1.50 | 13.62*** |
| Physical capital | ||||
| Access to markets | 0.84 | 1.15 | 1.04 | 1.02 |
| Farmland | 6.75* | 1.22 | 0.54+ | 0.70+ |
| Equipment | 1.10 | 1.29*** | 0.98 | 1.00 |
| Livestock | 0.91* | 0.90* | 0.99 | 0.97 |
| House plot owned | 0.10*** | 0.56* | 1.43 | 0.80 |
| Home quality | 0.88** | 0.96 | 1.01 | 1.04+ |
| Demographic controls | ||||
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 0.64* | 0.59** | 0.79* | 0.63*** |
| Age (Birth cohort) | ||||
| 15–24 (1972–1981) | 3.28*** | 9.33*** | 1.87** | 3.61*** |
| 25–34 (1962–1971) | 2.98*** | 5.68*** | 1.22 | 1.44* |
| 25–44 (1952–1961) | 1.32 | 2.73*** | 0.75+ | 0.82 |
| 45–59 (1936–1951) | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- |
| Duration | ||||
| Month | 0.94* | 0.92** | 0.98 | 0.97+ |
| Month squared | 1.00+ | 1.01* | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| ICC | 0.76 | 0.68 | 0.16 | 0.13 |
| Deviance | 970 | 1,364 | 3,911 | 3,631 |
| Person Months | 33,119 | 35,190 | 33,784 | 35,549 |