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. 2010 Nov 16;1(1):31–37. doi: 10.3945/an.110.1008

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Models for regulatory roles of AA in protein synthesis. Provision of sufficient amounts of AA promotes the binding of GTP to Rag GTPase leading to mTORC1 activation, while reducing concentrations of uncharged tRNA and activity of the GCN2-independent eIF2B kinase leading to increased activity of eIF2B. All of these changes stimulate the initiation of protein synthesis in cells. Abbreviations: eIF2α, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α; eIF2B, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B; GCN2, general control nonderepressible protein 2; mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1; S6K1, ribosomal protein S6 kinase-1; 4EBP1, eIF4E-binding protein-1. ↑, increase in concentration or activity; ↓, decrease in concentration or activity.