Table 3.
Coinfections associated with prevalence of malarial, hookworm, or Schistosoma haematobium infection among 1,772 primi- and secundigravid women in southern Malawi
| Concurrent infection | Malaria infection | Hookworm infection* | S. haematobium infection | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | RR (95% CI) | N (%) | RR (95% CI) | N (%) | RR (95% CI) | |
| HIV serostatus | ||||||
| Positive | 108 (43.0) | 1.2 (1.00–1.4)† | 13 (10.5) | 0.7 (0.4–1.2) | 58 (23.1) | 0.7 (0.5–0.9)† |
| Negative | 559 (36.8) | Ref | 109 (15.1) | Ref | 505 (33.2) | Ref |
| Malaria | ||||||
| Present | – | – | 71 (21.4) | 2.2 (1.6–3.0)† | 229 (34.3) | 1.1 (0.99–1.3) |
| Absent | 51 (9.9) | Ref | 334 (30.2) | Ref | ||
| Hookworm* | ||||||
| Present | 71 (58.2) | 1.6 (1.4–1.9)† | – | – | 48 (39.3) | 1.3 (0.99–1.6) |
| Absent | 261 (36.0) | Ref | 226 (31.1) | Ref | ||
| S. haematobium | ||||||
| Present | 229 (40.7) | 1.1 (0.99–1.3) | 48 (17.5) | 1.4 (0.97–1.9) | – | – |
| Absent | 438 (36.2) | Ref | 74 (12.9) | Ref | ||
| S. mansoni* | ||||||
| Present | 11 (52.4) | 1.3 (0.9–2.0) | 8 (38.1) | 2.8 (1.6–4.9)† | 11 (52.4) | 1.6 (1.1–2.5)† |
| Absent | 321 (38.8) | Ref | 114 (13.8) | Ref | 263 (31.8) | Ref |
Ref = reference.
*
Includes only the 848 participants who provided stool, urine, and malaria smear.
†
Significant results.