Table 4.

Coinfections associated with malarial, hookworm, or Schistosoma haematobium parasite density among 1,772 primi- and secundigravid women in southern Malawi

Concurrent infection	Malaria infection		Hookworm infection*		S. haematobium infection
	Parasite density†	P value	Parasite density‡	P value	Parasite density‡	P value
HIV serostatus
Positive	721	< 0.005§	125	0.45	17	< 0.05§
Negative	449		168		24
Malaria
Present	–	–	168	0.7	25	0.15
Absent			155		22
Hookworm*
Present	547	0.5	–	–	35	< 0.001§
Absent	473				19
S. haematobium
Present	410	< 0.05§	158	0.8	–	–
Absent	528		166
S. mansoni*
Present	472	0.95	193	0.7	23	0.8
Absent	488		161		21

^*Includes only the 848 participants who provided stool, urine, and malaria smear.

^†Geometric mean parasite density per microliter of blood.

^‡Geometric mean helminth eggs per 1 g stool or 10 mL urine.

^§Significant results.