Table 1.

Pause statistics from simulations of the EBR model

	Experiment (Ref) No. RNAPs	Simulation	Conditions
Short pauses
Density (10−3 bp–1) 1 s < td < 30 s	4 (10) 30 RNAPs	5.2 ± 0.2∗	−4 pN and 1 mM NTPs
Density (10−3 bp–1) 1 s < td < 25 s	9 (17) 114 RNAPs	3.1 ± 0.1∗	7.3 pN, 250 μM GTP and 1 mM other NTPs
Backtracking distance (bp) 1 s < td < 5 s	<1 (2) 56 RNAPs	0.54 ± 0.02†	−8.4 pN and 1 mM NTPs
Frequency (10−2 s–1) 1 s < td < 25 s	8 (20) 113 RNAPs	10 ± 0.2†	−8.4 pN and 1 mM NTPs
Long pauses
Density (10−4 bp–1) td > 20 s	9.5 ± 2.1 (2) 56 RNAPs	16 ± 1†	−8.4 pN and 1 mM NTPs
Duration (s) td > 20 s	77 ± 11 (+4–15 s) (2) 56 RNAPs	196 ± 7†	−8.4 pN and 1 mM NTPs
Backtracking distance (bp) td > 20 s	4.7 ± 0.8 (2) 56 RNAPs	4.2 ± 0.2†	−8.4 pN and 1 mM NTPs

Means are quoted with estimates for the standard errors in the means.

^∗200 simulation runs.

^†300 simulation runs.