Fig. 3.

Signalling between p53 and the IGF-AKT-mTORC1 pathway. p53 is activated by metabolic stress signals via AMPK, ATM and mTORC1-S6K-MDM2 signalling, and modulates energy metabolism, cell cycle and autophagy. p53 can inhibit mTORC1 signalling via transcriptional activation of PTEN, IGF-BP3, Sestrin1 & Sestrin2 (SES1/2), TSC2 and AMPKβ. Direct interaction of p53 with LKB1 may directly lead to AMPK activation. Dotted lines indicate transcriptional regulation, unbroken lines indicate a direct protein level effect, arrowheads indicate an activating signal, blunt-ended lines indicate an inhibitory signal