Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study population.
| Characteristic | Rural (N = 111) | Urban (N = 129) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (months) | |||
| Median (range) | 25 (6–60) | 25 (6–60) | |
| Sex | |||
| Male/female (%) | 49.6/40.4 | 37.2/62.8 | 0.04 |
| Maternal educational level (%) | |||
| Don't know | 0.9 | 0.8 | |
| Illiterate | 4.5 | 3.2 | |
| Primary complete | 38.7 | 28.4 | |
| Secondary complete | 55.9 | 67.6 | 0.16 |
| Monthly income (US$) | |||
| Median (range) | 100 (20–500) | 100 (20–1500) | 0.10 |
| Breastfeeding duration (months) | |||
| Don't know | 1.8% | 0% | |
| < 6 months | 3.7% | 5.6% | |
| 6–12 months | 63.3% | 68.2% | |
| 13–24 months | 29.4% | 25.4% | |
| > 24 months | 1.8% | 0.8% | 0.43 |
| Crowding (persons/sleeping room) | |||
| Median (range) | 2.7 (0.7–9.0) | 3.0 (0.8–12.0) | |
| Birth order | |||
| 1st–2nd | 43.3% | 51.2% | |
| 3rd–4th | 27.0% | 25.2% | |
| ≥ 5th | 29.7% | 23.6% | 0.43 |
| Bathroom (%) | |||
| Field | 27.9% | 4.7% | |
| Latrine | 72.1% | 37.8% | |
| WC | 0% | 57.5% | < 0.001 |
| Drinking water, sourcesa | |||
| Rain (%) | 85.6% | 1.6% | < 0.0001 |
| River (%) | 93.7% | 0% | < 0.0001 |
| Well (%) | 26.1% | 0% | < 0.0001 |
| Piped (%) | 36.9% | 17.1% | 0.001 |
| Potable (%) | 0% | 81.4% | < 0.0001 |
| House construction materials (%) | |||
| Wood/bamboo | 43.2 | 33.1 | |
| Wood/cement | 41.5 | 33.9 | |
| Cement/brick | 14.4 | 31.5 | |
| Other | 0.9 | 1.5 | 0.02 |
| Electrical appliances, number | |||
| 0 | 32.4 | 27.1 | |
| 1–2 | 28.8 | 22.5 | |
| 3–4 | 38.8 | 50.4 | 0.2 |
a
Households, especially in the rural area, have multiple sources of drinking water that vary between wet and dry seasons.