Table 1.
Baseline characteristics in men and women initially free from diabetes, by future diabetes and metabolic status
| Variables | Men | Women | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non diabetics (n = 12,104) | New cases of type 2 diabetes (n = 294) | Non diabetics (n = 13,497) | New cases of type 2 diabetes (n = 198) | |||
| Low metabolic score (n = 157) | High metabolic score (n = 137) | Low metabolic score (n = 76) | High metabolic score (n = 122) | |||
| Age (years) | 46.1 ± 0.13 | 58.1 ± 0.85*** | 54.1 ± 0.89***† | 46.5 ± 0.13 | 59.1 ± 1.59*** | 57.6 ± 1.02***† |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 137 ± 0.15 | 145 ± 1.55 | 153 ± 1.62***† | 131 ± 0.18 | 146 ± 2.67 | 158 ± 2.14***† |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 79.7 ± 0.11 | 86.1 ± 0.94 | 91 ± 1.11***† | 76.1 ± 0.11 | 82.5 ± 1.54 | 87.3 ± 1.69***† |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.5 ± 0.03 | 27.5 ± 0.31*** | 30.8 ± 0.28***† | 24.6 ± 0.03 | 27.2 ± 0.57*** | 31.3 ± 0.45***† |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 6.03 ± 0.01 | 6.5 ± 0.09 | 6.7 ± 0.09*** | 5.94 ± 0.12 | 6.65 ± 0.14 | 6.86 ± 0.11** |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.35 ± 0.02 | 1.35 ± 0.02 | 1.07 ± 0.21***† | 1.64 ± 0.01 | 1.69 ± 0.04 | 1.24 ± 0.03***† |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.75 ± 0.01 | 1.82 ± 0.09* | 3.42 ± 0.18***† | 1.31 ± 0.01 | 1.46 ± 0.07* | 2.81 ± 0.11***† |
| Positive family history of diabetes n (%) | 1,372 (11.3) | 39 (24.8)*** | 32 (23.4)*** | 1,804 (13.4) | 25 (32.9)*** | 39 (31.7)*** |
| Anti-hypertensive treatment n (%) | ||||||
| Current | 658 (5.4) | 25 (15.9)* | 40 (29.2)***† | 743 (5.5) | 11 (14.5)* | 29 (23.7)***† |
| Previous | 268 (2.3) | 6 (3.8) | 2 (1.5) | 358 (2.7) | 5 (6.6) | 13 (10.7)** |
| Never | 11,178 (92.3) | 126 (80.3) | 95 (69.3) | 12,396 (91.8) | 60 (78.9) | 80 (65.6) |
| Education n (%) | ||||||
| Primary/secondary | 5,961 (49.2) | 94 (59.9)* | 73 (53.3) | 6,546 (48.5) | 48 (63.2)* | 72 (59.0) |
| High school | 1,526 (12.7) | 18 (11.5) | 21 (15.3) | 2,301 (17.1) | 10 (13.2) | 15 (12.3) |
| College/university < 4 years | 2,256 (18.6) | 21 (13.4) | 20 (14.6) | 2,489 (18.4) | 10 (13.2) | 17 (13.9) |
| College/university ≥ 4 years | 2,361 (19.5) | 24 (15.2) | 23 (16.8) | 2,161 (16.0) | 8 (10.4) | 18 (14.8) |
| Leisure-time physical activity level n (%) | ||||||
| Hard | 1,828 (15.1) | 16 (10.2) | 16 (11.7) | 1,998 (14.8) | 6 (7.9) | 15 (12.3) |
| Moderate | 6,781 (56.0) | 53 (33.7) | 70 (51.1) | 6,305 (46.7) | 19 (25.0) | 35 (28.7) |
| Inactive | 3,495 (28.9) | 88 (56.1)** | 51 (37.2) | 5,194 (38.5) | 51 (67.1)* | 72 (59.0) |
| Daily smoking n (%) | ||||||
| Current | 4,593 (37.9) | 92 (58.6)*** | 65 (47.4) | 5,027 (37.2) | 39 (51.3)*** | 45 (36.9) |
| Previous | 3,756 (31.1) | 40 (25.5) | 40 (29.2) | 2,944 (21.8) | 13 (17.1) | 19 (15.6) |
| Never | 3,755 (31.0) | 25 (15.9) | 32 (23.4) | 5,526 (41.0) | 24 (31.6) | 58 (47.5) |
The Tromsø Study 1994–2005
Values are means ± standard error or n (percentage)
Low metabolic score: < 3 metabolic syndrome criteria fulfilled
High metabolic score: ≥ 3 metabolic syndrome criteria fulfilled (metabolic syndrome)
BMI Body mass index, HDL cholesterol high density lipoprotein cholesterol
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.0001, age adjusted in analysis of covariance for continuous variables and logistic regression for categorical variables comparing non-diabetics with either low or high metabolic score
† P for differences between low and high metabolic score, obtained by age adjusted analysis of covariance or logistic regression where appropriate