Table 2.
Risk factors for type 2 diabetes by low and high metabolic score
| Variables | Men (294 cases) | Women (198 cases) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low metabolic score | High metabolic score | P value for difference in HR between groups | Low metabolic score | High metabolic score | P value for difference in HR between groups | |
| HR (95% CI) n = 10,426 | HR (95% CI) n = 1,972 | HR (95% CI) n = 11,983 | HR (95% CI) n = 1,712 | |||
| Cases of type 2 diabetes (n) | 157 | 137 | 76 | 122 | ||
| Age (10 years) | 1.76 (1.64, 2.11) | 1.54 (1.36, 1.79) | 0.000 | 1.54 (1.82, 1.8) | 1.29 (1.12, 1.48) | 0.003 |
| BMI (1SD) | 2.28 (1.98, 2.75) | 1.59 (1.38, 1.84) | 0.000 | 1.68 (1.40, 2.01) | 1.52 (1.30, 1.78) | 0.007 |
| Triglycerides (1SD) | 1.36 (1.14, 1.64) | 1.16 (1.09, 1.23) | 0.000 | 1.34 (1.07, 1.68) | 1.17 (1.04, 1.32) | 0.000 |
| HDL cholesterol (1SD) | 1.02 (0.76, 1.12) | 1.01 (0.78, 1.14) | – | 1.06 (0.82, 1.36) | 0.75 (0.58, 0.97) | 0.000 |
| Hypertension (yes) | 1.47 (1.01, 2,15) | 0.69 (0.35, 1.41) | 0.001 | 1.86 (1.05,3.30) | 1.53 (0.69, 3.42) | 0.004 |
| Family history (yes) | 2.19 (1.51, 3.16) | 2.07 (1.40, 2.98) | – | 2.54 (1.57,4.12) | 2.25 (1.55, 3.26) | – |
| Education | ||||||
| College/university ≥ 4 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | 1.00 | – |
| College/university < 4 years | 0.95 (0.53, 1.72) | 1.01 (0.61, 2.02) | 1.11 (0.43, 2.83) | 0.84 (0.45, 1.75) | ||
| High school | 1.07 (0.59, 2.01) | 1.11 (0.61, 2.01) | 1.22 (0.47, 3.12) | 0.89 (0.49, 1.87) | ||
| primary and secondary | 1.81 (1.19, 2.88) | 1.53 (0.77, 1.96) | 1.75 (1.09, 4.57) | 1.04 (0.69, 1.98) | ||
| Leisure-time physical activity | ||||||
| Hard | 1.00 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | 1.00 | – |
| Moderate | 0.81 (0.47, 1.39) | 0.98 (0.57, 1.70) | 0.91 (0.38, 2.10) | 0.43 (0.34, 1.22) | ||
| Inactive | 1.94 (1.18, 3.36) | 1.10 (0.57, 1.79) | 1.70 (0.91, 4.33) | 0.48 (0.38, 1.28) | ||
| Smoking | ||||||
| Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | 1.00 | – |
| Previous | 0.70 (0.42, 1.17) | 0.61 (0.38, 1.22) | 1.10 (0.56, 2.07) | 0.76 (0.45, 1.28) | ||
| Current | 1.68 (1.23, 4.25) | 1.33 (0.91, 2.14) | 1.56 (1.18, 4.18) | 1.41 (0.89, 2.47) | ||
The Tromsø Study 1994–2005
Cox’ proportional hazard regression analysis, multivariably adjusted
Low metabolic score: less than 3 metabolic score criteria fulfilled
High score: 3 or more metabolic score criteria fulfilled
For dichotomous variables; HR are given for answering ‘yes’ with ‘no’ as reference
For continuous variables; HR is given for a SD change in the variable
BMI Body mass index, CI confidence interval, HDL high density lipoprotein, HR hazard ratio, SD standard deviation
Differences in HR between groups were determined using interaction terms between variable and group