Table 5.
Pooled analysis of body composition outcomes with infant-feeding exposures
| Model 1 |
Model 2 |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Effect size |
Effect size |
||||||
| B | OR | 95% CI | B | OR | 95% CI | p-het | |
| Ever breastfed | |||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | −0.12 | −0.49 to 0.25 | −0.21 | −0.60 to 0.17 | 0.33 | ||
| Waist (cm) | −0.62 | −1.52 to 0.27 | −0.67 | −1.59 to 0.25 | 0.09 | ||
| Percentage fat | −0.17 | −0.82 to 0.47 | −0.06 | −0.70 to 0.59 | 0.33 | ||
| Subscapular (mm, logged) | −0.03 | −0.09 to 0.02 | −0.02 | −0.07 to 0.03 | 0.33 | ||
| Triceps (mm, logged) | −0.05 | −0.10 to 0.01 | −0.03 | −0.09 to 0.02 | 0.13 | ||
| Obesity | 0.78 | 0.55 to 1.11 | 0.77 | 0.54 to 1.11 | 0.75 | ||
| Overweight/obesity | 0.87 | 0.70 to 1.09 | 0.84 | 0.67 to 1.06 | 0.05 | ||
| Duration of breastfeeding (per categorya) | |||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.03 | −0.01 to 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.00 to 0.08 | 0.12 | ||
| Waist (cm) | −0.01 | −0.10 to 0.08 | 0.05 | −0.05 to 0.15 | 0.18 | ||
| Percentage fat | −0.05 | −0.12 to 0.01 | 0.001 | −0.07 to 0.07 | 0.33 | ||
| Subscapular (mm, logged) | −0.009 | −0.014 to −0.003 | −0.002 | −0.008 to 0.003 | 0.67 | ||
| Triceps (mm, logged) | −0.011 | −0.017 to −0.006 | −0.004 | −0.01 to 0.002 | 0.65 | ||
| Obesity | 1.03 | 0.99 to 1.07 | 1.04 | 1.00 to 1.09 | 0.35 | ||
| Overweight/obesity | 1.01 | 0.99 to 1.04 | 1.02 | 0.99 to 1.04 | 0.66 | ||
| Duration of breastfeeding (quadratic per categorya) | |||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.002 | −0.015 to 0.019 | 0.011 | −0.007 to 0.029 | 0.21 | ||
| Waist (cm) | 0.006 | −0.033 to 0.046 | 0.030 | −0.012 to 0.072 | 0.53 | ||
| Percentage fat | −0.016 | −0.044 to 0.012 | 0.006 | −0.022 to 0.034 | 0.84 | ||
| Subscapular (mm, logged) | −0.001 | −0.003 to 0.002 | 0.001 | −0.001 to 0.003 | 0.68 | ||
| Triceps (mm, logged) | −0.001 | −0.003 to 0.002 | 0.001 | −0.001 to 0.004 | 0.26 | ||
| Obesity | 1.01 | 0.99 to 1.03 | 1.01 | 0.99 to 1.03 | 0.33 | ||
| Overweight/obesity | 1.00 | 0.99 to 1.01 | 1.01 | 0.99 to 1.02 | 0.33 | ||
| Age at introduction of complementary foods (per categorya) | |||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | −0.25 | −0.41 to −0.10 | −0.23 | −0.40 to −0.06 | 0.74 | ||
| Waist (cm) | −0.70 | −1.08 to −0.33 | −0.58 | −0.97 to −0.18 | 0.40 | ||
| Percentage body fat | −0.31 | −0.56 to −0.06 | −0.19 | −0.44 to 0.07 | 0.84 | ||
| Subscapular (mm, logged) | −0.05 | −0.07 to −0.02 | −0.03 | −0.05 to −0.01 | 0.38 | ||
| Triceps (mm, logged) | −0.03 | −0.06 to −0.01 | −0.01 | −0.03 to 0.02 | 0.55 | ||
| Obesity | 0.90 | 0.77 to 1.06 | 0.91 | 0.77 to 1.08 | 0.84 | ||
| Overweight/obesity | 0.88 | 0.80 to 0.97 | 0.88 | 0.80 to 0.98 | 0.60 | ||
Data were analysed using linear regression (continuous outcomes, B is the regression coefficient) or logistic regression (dichotomous outcomes, OR). Model 1 adjusted for subject’s age and sex only; Model 2 further adjusted for confounders (maternal SES, education, age, smoking, race, and rural/urban residence, and birth weight) and adult height; p-het is the test for heterogeneity of the coefficient of Model 2 across studies.
aCategories are as indicated in Table 2. There were no non-linear associations with age at introduction of complementary foods, and these data have been omitted.