Fig. 1.

Pretreatment with membranous fraction of Parabacteroides distasonis (mPd) decreases the dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-related increase in cytokine production in colon tissue as measured by cytokine antibody array. Values represent the percentage of the intensity of positive control. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), interleukin (IL)-l–12p40p70, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP), stem cell factor (SCF), growth-regulated alpha protein precursor (KC), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF), thrombopoietin (TPO) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Data are means (bars) and standard deviation (whisker) of three samples [*P < 0·05 versus DSS/phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)].