Fig. 3.

Oral treatment with membranous fraction of Parabacteroides distasonis (mPd) stabilize the intestinal microbiota without changing the P. distasonis or Bacteroides/Prevotela group stool content. (a) Changes in fecal bacterial populations of dextran sulphate sodium/phosphate-buffered saline (DSS/PBS) and DSS/mPd-treated mice were measured by 16S rRNA gene polymerase chain reaction- denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) before the treatment day 0 (before colitis induction), day 28 and at the end of the experiment (day 35). (b) Comparison of changes in DGGE profiles between PBS and mPd-treated mice at different time-points. (c) Representative quantitative changes in the Bacteroides/Prevotela group or P. distasonis in stool were measured by quantitative PCR. Data are expressed as a percentage of total Eubacteria[bar (mean); whisker (standard deviation)]. Samples from the same mouse at different time-points were arranged together. The bands marked with arrows were identified as B. acidofaciens, 100% (i), uncultured bacterium related to Clostridium (ii), Lactobacillus johnsonii, 98% and L. gasseri, 98% (iii), H. muridarum, 95% (iv) and Lactobacillus sp. 97% (v) by 16S rRNA sequence analysis.