Unilateral denervation (DNV)-induced changes in phosphorylation of Akt, as detected by Western analyses. Top: representative immunoblot of phospho-Akt, Akt, and β-tubulin for each DNV time point [in hours (h) or days (D)]. Bottom: relative expression (means ± SE) of phospho-Akt, Akt, and the ratio of phospho-Akt to total Akt, compared with sham control after normalization to β-tubulin. *Significantly different (P < 0.05; n = 6 animals per time point) from the average of all sham controls.