Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to depression score and physical activity group
| Depressive symptoms* | Physical activity group score (lower score=less active) | |||||||
| Characteristic | Low (n=4600) | High (n=1252) | p Value † | I: 0–3 (n=653) | II: 4–7 (n=1914) | III: 8–11 (n=2546) | IV: 12–15 (n=739) | p Value ‡ |
| Age, years | 72.7±5.5 | 73.2±5.9 | 0.022 | 75.6±6.6 | 73.5±5.8 | 72.2±5.2 | 70.9±4.2 | <0.001 |
| Gender, % female | 54.7 | 68.5 | <0.001 | 69.2 | 62.2 | 54.6 | 46.1 | <0.001 |
| Race, % white | 85.6 | 76.8 | <0.001 | 69.5 | 78.9 | 88.4 | 92.7 | <0.001 |
| Education beyond HS, % | 72.7 | 62.9 | <0.001 | 56.8 | 63.6 | 74.5 | 87.1 | <0.001 |
| Current smoker, % | 11.2 | 14.1 | 0.044 | 12.3 | 14.7 | 10.6 | 8.5 | 0.015 |
| Former smoker, % | 42.5 | 38.0 | 0.037 | 35.8 | 39.3 | 42.4 | 49.3 | <0.001 |
| Alcoholic drinks/week | 2.7±6.7 | 1.7±5.3 | <0.001 | 1.7±6.0 | 2.2±6.6 | 2.6±6.4 | 3.3±6.4 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.6±4.6 | 27.0±5.2 | 0.038 | 28.0±6.2 | 27.3±5.0 | 26.3±4.1 | 25.5±3.7 | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 136.3±21.6 | 137.4±22.5 | 0.142 | 141.2±22.9 | 137.8±22.0 | 135.4±21.5 | 133.1±20.6 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 70.8±11.3 | 70.5±11.7 | 0.398 | 71.6±12.1 | 70.7±11.4 | 70.3±11.1 | 71.1±11.5 | 0.233 |
| Hypertension, % | 42.8 | 50.4 | <0.001 | 55.2 | 49.2 | 41.1 | 34.0 | <0.001 |
| CHD, % | 18.7 | 25.8 | <0.001 | 28.2 | 21.5 | 17.9 | 17.6 | <0.001 |
| CHF, % | 4.5 | 7.8 | <0.001 | 11.8 | 6.6 | 3.4 | 2.3 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes, % | 15.3 | 19.9 | <0.001 | 25.7 | 18.3 | 13.9 | 11.1 | <0.001 |
| LDL-C, mg/dl | 129.8±35.5 | 129.6±36.6 | 0.845 | 132.9±38.9 | 129.0±36.1 | 130.0±34.9 | 128.2±34.8 | 0.112 |
| HDL-C, mg/dl | 53.9±15.6 | 55.2±15.9 | 0.014 | 53.9±15.9 | 53.2±15.3 | 54.6±15.7 | 55.8±16.4 | 0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dl | 138.6±76.1 | 143.2±79.7 | 0.073 | 149.4±91.3 | 142.7±74.7 | 137.0±76.6 | 132.3±67.8 | <0.001 |
| CRP, mg/dl | 4.63±8.05 | 5.65±9.84 | <0.001 | 6.65±8.57 | 5.60±9.94 | 4.24±7.62 | 3.40±6.34 | <0.001 |
| Cystatin C, mg/l | 1.11±0.33 | 1.14±0.39 | 0.042 | 1.26±0.50 | 1.15±0.39 | 1.09±0.28 | 1.04±0.25 | <0.001 |
| Creatinine, mg/dl | 1.07±0.40 | 1.06±0.40 | 0.455 | 1.15±0.54 | 1.08±0.44 | 1.05±0.35 | 1.04±0.25 | <0.001 |
| TCA, % | 2.0 | 5.3 | <0.001 | 5.4 | 3.2 | 2.2 | 1.0 | <0.001 |
| Non-TCA, % | 0.6 | 2.3 | <0.001 | 1.8 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 0.003 |
Data expressed as mean±SD for continuous variables or percentage for dichotomous variables.
Depressive symptoms based on the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (10-item version): low (score 0–7) and high (score ≥8).
p Values from two-sample t tests for continuous and χ2 tests for dichotomous variables.
p Values from linear regression for continuous and logistic regression for dichotomous variables.
BP, blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; CHD, coronary heart disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; CRP, C reactive protein; HS, high school; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TCA, tricyclic antidepressant use.