FIGURE 9.

AtAOR-, AtChlADR-, and AtChlAKR-related detoxification pathways of reactive carbonyls in Arabidopsis chloroplasts. Substrates for AOR, ADR, and AKR are circumscribed by double, solid, and dashed lines, respectively. α,β-Unsaturated carbonyls generated through multistep polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) peroxidation were reduced by AtAOR (At1g23740). The resulting saturated and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes (C ≧ 5) were reduced by AtChlADRs (At1g54870 and At3g04000). AtChlAKR (At2g37770) reduces saturated aldehydes and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. MG is reduced by AtChlADRs and AtChlAKR.