Table 3.
Correlations between All Measures Across Scandinavia (above diagonal) and U.S./Australia (below the diagonal)
| Measure | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preschool | |||||||||||||||||||
| 1 WPPSI Vocabulary | - | .53 | .23 | .25 | −.24 | −.19 | .24 | .25 | .20 | .28 | .29 | −.21 | −.24 | .27 | .17 | .32 | .22 | .18 | .27 |
| 2 100 picture naming | .57 | - | .27 | .33 | −.23 | −.22 | .27 | .29 | .27 | .28 | .24 | −.20 | −.25 | .34 | .30 | .35 | .39 | .30 | .40 |
| End of Kindergarten | |||||||||||||||||||
| 3 Elision | .25 | .31 | - | .63 | −.35 | −.43 | .70 | .68 | .65 | .55 | .43 | −.21 | −.30 | .51 | .46 | .61 | .33 | .37 | .58 |
| 4 Blending | .31 | .35 | .57 | - | −.40 | −.44 | .58 | .59 | .75 | .52 | .55 | −.30 | −.35 | .49 | .38 | .62 | .37 | .35 | .58 |
| 5 RAN-digit | −.20 | −.15 | −.36 | −.31 | - | .60 | −.39 | −.39 | −.49 | −.31 | −.34 | .67 | .53 | −.46 | −.40 | −.45 | −.44 | −.42 | −.36 |
| 6 RAN-letter | −.22 | −.22 | −.39 | −.36 | .84 | - | −.52 | −.51 | −.54 | −.33 | −.21 | .49 | .61 | −.56 | −.51 | −.48 | −.40 | −.41 | −.28 |
| 7 Word recognition | .35 | .37 | .63 | .51 | −.49 | −.53 | - | .96 | .62 | .43 | .36 | −.26 | −.38 | .71 | .66 | .66 | .50 | .54 | .56 |
| 8 Phonological decoding | .31 | .31 | .65 | .54 | −.45 | −.48 | .88 | - | .64 | .44 | .38 | −.27 | −.40 | .69 | .65 | .64 | .51 | .51 | .56 |
| 9 Spelling | .38 | .43 | .64 | .66 | −.48 | −.56 | .67 | .65 | - | .55 | .54 | −.40 | −.49 | .58 | .45 | .66 | .42 | .36 | .59 |
| End of Grade 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 10 Elision | .19 | .21 | .54 | .44 | −.30 | −.31 | .42 | .47 | .45 | - | .41 | −.29 | −.37 | .51 | .47 | .59 | .42 | .42 | .57 |
| 11 Blending | .11 | .11 | .31 | .46 | −.16 | −.20 | .21 | .28 | .35 | .42 | - | −.26 | −.26 | .33 | .17 | .54 | .33 | .25 | .49 |
| 12 RAN-digit | −.22 | −.14 | −.24 | −.22 | .67 | .61 | −.33 | −.31 | −.36 | −.36 | −.22 | - | .78 | −.50 | −.45 | −.44 | −.55 | −.51 | −.41 |
| 13 RAN-letter | −.20 | −.14 | −.26 | −.20 | .64 | .62 | −.33 | −.32 | −.37 | −.34 | −.18 | .89 | - | −.65 | −.58 | −.54 | −.55 | −.57 | −.43 |
| 14 Word recognition | .25 | .29 | .52 | .43 | −.56 | −.58 | .72 | .63 | .61 | .55 | .26 | −.55 | −.54 | - | .92 | .74 | .82 | .80 | .70 |
| 15 Phonological decoding | .25 | .25 | .54 | .42 | −.48 | −.49 | .71 | .71 | .55 | .56 | .28 | −.48 | −.46 | .88 | - | .67 | .73 | .76 | .64 |
| 16 Spelling | .23 | .25 | .56 | .45 | −.43 | −.44 | .69 | .67 | .60 | .60 | .35 | −.45 | −.44 | .80 | .79 | - | .65 | .60 | .80 |
| End of Grade 2 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 17 Word recognition | .24 | .27 | .46 | .35 | −.56 | −.58 | .58 | .51 | .54 | .48 | .22 | −.61 | −.59 | .86 | .74 | .67 | - | .87 | .71 |
| 18 Phonological decoding | .25 | .26 | .50 | .36 | −.49 | −.51 | .62 | .60 | .51 | .53 | .24 | −.53 | −.50 | .83 | .85 | .73 | .86 | - | .69 |
| 19 Spelling | .17 | .19 | .52 | .41 | −.44 | −.45 | .62 | .59 | .56 | .55 | .24 | −.44 | −.43 | .80 | .78 | .84 | .75 | .79 | - |
Note. WPPSI = Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence; Elision = Syllable and phoneme elision; Blending = Syllable and phoneme blending.