Table 8.

Incremental R² of the Hierarchical Latent Variable Regression Models Predicting Reading and Spelling Skills at Grade 2 across U.S./Australia ad Scandinavia.

Steps	U.S./Australia			Scandinavia
	WR_G2	PD_G2	S_G2	WR_G2	PD_G2	S_G2
1 Autoregressor_G1	.741***	.719***	.716***	.661***	.561***	.621***
2 Vocabulary	.001	.003*	.000	.003	.002	.005
3 RAN_G1	.033***	.022***	.008***	.003	.037**	.000
4 PA_G1	.000	.004*	.004*	.001	.008a	.053†
3 PA_G1	.000	.006*	.005**	.001	.012a	.053†
4 RAN_G1	.033***	.019***	.006**	.003	.033**	.000
Total R2	.78	.75	.73	.67	.61	.68

Note. WR_G2 = Word recognition – Grade 2; PD_G2 = Phonological decoding – Grade 2; S_G2 = Spelling – Grade 2; Autoregressor_G1 = the same reading and spelling variable measured at Grade 1; RAN_G1 = Rapid naming – Grade 1; PA_G1 = Phonological awareness – Grade 1;

^aNegative regression weight;

^bVocabulary was only assessed in preschool.

^†p < .10.

^*p < .05.

^**p < .01.

^***p < .001.