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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Analyt Chem. 2011 Jan 1;30(1):44–57. doi: 10.1016/j.trac.2010.08.005

Figure 1.

Figure 1

The three phases of a fullerene-exposure experiment. In phase 1, the C60 solution and nC60 aggregate suspension are prepared, and both can be used to administer fullerenes to a biological matrix. In phase 2, the fullerenes are spiked in a biological matrix and then extracted using liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) or solid-phase extraction (SPE). The nC60 dispersion in ultrapure water (UPW) is used as a reference for the extraction efficiency. In phase 3, the C60 and nC60 stocks are characterized and the recovery from the biological matrix is determined by comparing to the calibration standard of C60 in toluene or the reference solution of C60 after exhaustive LLE. TGA: thermogravimetric analysis; TOT: thermal/optical transmission analysis; TOC: total organic carbon analysis; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; AFM: atomic force microscopy; FFF: field flow fractionation; DLS: dynamic light scattering; PALS: phase analysis light scattering. The asterisk indicates the same C60 solution.