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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Analyt Chem. 2011 Jan 1;30(1):44–57. doi: 10.1016/j.trac.2010.08.005

Table 2.

Published nC60 extraction and quantification protocols and respective limits of detection in various aqueous matrices

Ref. Spike
 Extraction
 Analytical
 Whole-method LOD (µg/L)
nC60 type nC60 conc. (mg/L) Matrix Concentration factor
 Injection Volume (μL) Detection λ (nm) or Ions (m/z)
LLE SPE Evap./Filtr.
[76] PVP/C60 10 000 Plasma 0.05 - - 5 UV-Vis - 256 nm (hex) 500b
SAA SAA SAA SAA - - 10 - APCI-MS TIC, m/z 720 5 000b
[32] tol/nC60 50–200 000 Blood 0.03–0.3 - - 50 UV-Vis APCI-MS 333 nm, m/z 150–1 000 NRg
SAA NAe Liver NAe - - SAA UV-Vis SAA SAA SAA
SAA NAe Spleen NAe - - SAA UV-Vis SAA SAA SAA
[37] THF/nC60 3.1 4.5% BSA 10 - NR UV-Vis - 333 nm 0.34
SAA SAA 50% plasma SAA - - SAA SAA - SAA 0.68
tol/C60 40 μg Skin NR - - SAA SAA - SAA NR
[60] DMSO/nC60 100–400 Fish embryos 1 - - 500 - ESI-MS m/z 720, 728–740, 736 0.02c
SAA SAA 1% DMSO 1 - SAA - SAA SAA
[41] aqu/nC60 63.4–8 770 GW/SW 0.5 - - 100 UV-Vis - 333 nm 2.48
SAA SAA SAA 20 - - SAA SAA - SAA 0.746
SAA SAA SAA - 12 - SAA SAA - SAA 0.746
[64] tol/nC60 0.5–5 UPW - - 111 NR - APCI-MS TIC, m/z 720, 1 440, 360 2.8
SAA 10–25 Tap water 55.6 - - SAA - SAA SAA 3.3
SAA NR SAA - 1000 - SAA - SAA SAA 0.30
[39] Bulk C60 NAf Tissue NAe - - 5 UV-Vis - 330 NR
SAA Lung SAA SAA - SAA SAA - SAA SAA
SAA Blood SAA SAA - SAA SAA - SAA SAA
[43] tol/nC60 5 000 UPW 1 - - 100 UV-Vis - NR 250d
SAA SAA 5 mg/L-C NOM 1 - - SAA SAA - SAA NRd
SAA SAA 50 mg/L-C NOM 1 - - SAA SAA - SAA NRd
SAA SAA 1 % SDS 1 - - SAA SAA - SAA NRd
[14] NA 0.5–1.5 WWTP effluent - - 133 150 - ESI-MS m/z 720, 736, 840, 856 0.005
[65] tol/nC60 20–200 UPW, WWa 10 - - 100 UV-Vis - 332 nm 3–4
SAA SAA SAA SAA - - SAA - APCI-MS m/z 720 4–11
SAA 1–4 Recl. WW - 1000 - SAA UV-Vis - 332 nm 0.42
SAA SAA Sec. effluent - SAA - SAA SAA - SAA 0.64

APCI, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization; BSA, bovine serum albumin; Conc., concentration; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; ESI, electrospray ionization; Evap., evaporation; Filtr., filtration; GW, groundwater; hex, hexane; LOD, limit of detection; MS, mass spectrometry; NA, not applicable; NOM, natural organic matter; NR, information is not reported; PVP, polyvinylpyrrolidone; Rec., reclaimed; SAA, same as above; SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate; Sec. effluent, secondary effluent; SW, surface water; THF, tetrahydrofuran; TIC, total ion count; tol, toluene; UPW, ultrapure water; WW, wastewater; WWTP, wastewater treatment plant.

a

five different wastewater matrices;

b

instrument detection limit, 0.05 ng at S, N=2;

c

Detection limit, 0.0002 ng and quantification limit, 0.001 ng;

d

Methodology for whole-method LOD determination is not reported;

e

After inhalation and distribution among the organs via blood circulation;

f

2.22 mg/m3 C60 at an inhalation rate of 140 mL/min;

g

instrument detection limit = 0.1 ng of C60 injected