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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Analyt Chem. 2011 Jan 1;30(1):44–57. doi: 10.1016/j.trac.2010.08.005

Table 3.

Approaches for recovery determination of nC60 extraction from aqueous and biological matrices

Ref. nC60 type Matrix Extraction Calibration Recoveries (%) Precision (%)
[76] PVP/C60 Plasma LLE nC60 LLE ND–12.5 NR
SAA SPE SAA 62 4
[32] tol/nC60 Blood LLE nC60 in blood LLE 87–92 1.1
Liver LLE nC60 in liver LLE 85–91 15.2
Spleen LLE nC60 in spleen LLE 84–90 11.5
[22] THF/nC60 UPW+salts LLE nC60 LLE, TGA, rel. PAe 94–101g NR
[37] THF/nC60 BSA/plasma LLE nC60 in UPW LLE 94–≥100 a 15
[60] tol/nC60 Fish embryos LLE tol/C60 90b 2
SAA Culture water SAA SAA 93–110b 7–10
[41] aqu/nC60 UPW LLE nC60 in UPW LLE 98.5f 3.17
SAA GW or SW LLE/SPE SAA ~78/~78f ~3/~3
[64] tol/nC60 Tap W/UPW Evap tol/C60 2.1/35 0.4/4.9
SAA SAA/SAA LLE SAA 32/39 7.0/3.2
SAA SAA/SAA SPE SAA 33/42 2.6/2.9
[43] THF/nC60 5 mg/L–C NOM LLE NR >98 NR
[14] NA SW Filtration tol/C60 70–77 2–5
SAA WW SAA SAA 63–67 7–8
[65] tol/nC60 UPW/WW LLE nC60 in ≠ matrices LLE 89–94c 2
SAA Reclaimed WW SPE SAA 18d 1
SAA WWTP effluent SPE SAA 9d 1

aqu/nC60: nC60 suspension prepared without transfer solvent; BSA: bovine serum albumin; Evap: evaporation; GW: groundwater; LLE: liquid-liquid extraction; NA: not applicable; ND: not detectable; NOM: natural organic matter; NR: information not reported; PVP: polyvinylpyrrolidone; rel. PA: relative peak area; SAA, same as above; SPE: solid-phase extraction; SW: surface water; TGA: thermogravimetric analysis; THF: tetrahydrofuran; tol: toluene; Tap W: tap water; UPW: ultrapure water; WW: wastewater; WWTP: wastewater-treatment plant.

a

Recovery is calculated compared to the extraction from UPW using the simplified LLE method (same as samples);

b

since no matrix interferences were observed upon standard addition, 0.1–150 ppb, quantification based on ratio of analyte peak area to the 13C60 peak area;

c

the ratio of the amount extracted to the amount that was spiked;

d

C60 sorbed to particulates were filtered out;

e

the C60 peak area/total peak area = ≥98% (wavelength not reported);

f

extraction recoveries can be best determined through exhaustive suspension extraction to determine the total analyte mass in suspension;

g

recovery was verified through comparison with a thermogravimetric procedure.