Table 1.
Demographic and Dietary Characteristics of Adults (>18 Years) in NHANES 1999–2004 by Percent Total Energy Intake From Added Sugara,b,c
| Characteristic | % Total Energy From Added Sugar |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <5 (n = 893) | 5–<10 (n = 1124) | 10–<17.5 (n = 1751) | 17.5–<25 (n = 1210) | ≥25 (n = 1135) | |
| Age, mean (SD) [95% CI], yd | 45.9 (18.1) [44.7 to 47.1] |
45.7 (22.1) [44.0 to 47.0] |
44.5 (20.3) [43.5 to 45.5] |
42.6 (19.2) [41.5 to 43.7] |
38.1 (16.4) [37.1 to 39.1] |
| Men, No. (%) [95% CI] | 444 (48) [44 to 53] |
551 (46) [42 to 49] |
855 (46) [43 to 49] |
628 (52) [49 to 55] |
588 (47) [43 to 50] |
| Race/ethnicity, No. (%) [95% CI] | |||||
| Non-Hispanic whitee | 465 (71) [68 to 78] |
619 (75) [72 to 79] |
897 (73) [69 to 77] |
555 (68) [64 to 72] |
493 (70) [64 to 75] |
| Non-Hispanic blackd | 144 (8.2) [6 to 10] |
174 (8.0) [6 to 1] |
316 (10) [8 to 12] |
276 (14) [11 to 17] |
313 (15) [11 to 18] |
| Hispanic | 229 (11) [8 to 15] |
289 (12) [9 to 15] |
475 (13) [10 to 16] |
355 (15) [12 to 18] |
301 (13) [9 to 16] |
| Income below poverty, No. (%) [95% CI]d,f | 194 (14) [11 to 17] |
187 (18) [14 to 21] |
415 (18) [16 to 20] |
287 (18) [15 to 20] |
318 (23) [20 to 26] |
| Physical activity, mean (SE) [95% CI]e,g | 5217 (423) [4370 to 6064] |
4984 (379) [4226 to 5742] |
5205 (351) [4503 to 5908] |
5553 (494) [4564 to 6541] |
3957 (323) [3309 to 4605] |
| Alcohol consumption, mean (SE) [95% CI], drinks/d | 2.3 (0.1) [2.0 to 2.5] |
1.8 (0.1) [1.6 to 2.0] |
1.8 (0.1) [1.7 to 2.0] |
1.7 (0.1) [1.6 to 1.9] |
2.0 (0.1) [1.8 to 2.2] |
| Smoking, mean (SE) [95% CI], cigarettes/dd | 3.2 (0.3) [2.6 to 4.0] |
2.5 (0.3) [1.9 to 3.1] |
3.5 (0.4) [2.7 to 4.3] |
3.7 (0.6) [2.8 to 4.5] |
6.2 (0.9) [4.5 to 8.0] |
| Waist circumference, mean (SE) [95% CI], cm | 95.5 (0.8) [93.8 to 97.2] |
94.9 (0.7) [93.5 to 96.7] |
94.0 (0.5) [92.9 to 95.0] |
94.5 (0.6) [92.2 to 94.4] |
95.0 (0.6) [93.9 to 96.1] |
| BMI, mean (SE) [95% CI]h | 27.9 (0.3) [27.2 to 28.5] |
27.8 (0.3) [27.2 to 28.3] |
27.3 (0.2) [26.9 to 27.7] |
27.7 (0.2) [27.3 to 28.2] |
28.0 (0.2) [27.6 to 28.5] |
| Weight change, mean (SE) [95% CI], lbd | −0.3 (0.7) [−1.6 to 1.1] |
−0.2 (0.5) [−1.2 to 0.8] |
30.9 (0.4) [0.19 to 1.7] |
31.5 (0.5) [0.5 to 2.4] |
32.8 (0.6) [1.6 to 4.0] |
| Attempted weight loss, No. (%) [95% CI] | 266 (37) [33 to 41] |
353 (38) [35 to 42] |
502 (37) [35 to 40] |
346 (33) [29 to 37] |
332 (35) [32 to 39] |
| Hypertensive, No. (%) [95% CI]i,j | 200 (19) [15 to 23] |
244 (21) [17 to 24] |
319 (15) [13 to 17] |
205 (14) [11 to 16] |
174 (14) [11 to 17] |
| Total energy, mean (SE) [95% CI], kcal/dd | 2038 (33) [1975 to 2100] |
2172 (27) [2119 to 2226] |
2235 (21) [2194 to 2277] |
2315 (31) [2252 to 2377] |
2312 (35) [2242 to 2382] |
| % energy from carbohydrates, mean (SE) [95% CI]d | 40.9 (0.8) [39.8 to 42.0] |
45.5 (0.4) [44.7 to 46.2] |
48.4 (0.3) [47.8 to 49.0] |
52.3 (0.3) [51.6 to 53.0] |
59.8 (3.2) [59.1 to 60.4] |
| Added sugar, mean (SE) [95% CI], gd | 13.6 (0.4) [12.7 to 14.5] |
41.4 (0.6) [40.1 to 42.6] |
76.7 (0.7) [75.2 to 78.2] |
122 (1.6) [118 to 125] |
192 (3.3) [185 to 199] |
| Fiber, mean (SE) [95% CI], gd | 16.2 (0.5) [15.2 to 17.1] |
17.6 (0.4) [16.7 to 18.4] |
16.1 (0.3) [15.5 to 16.6] |
15.0 (0.1) [14.2 to 15.9] |
12.0 (0.3) [11.4 to 12.5] |
| % Energy from protein, mean (SE) [95% CI]d | 18.1 (0.3) [17.6 to 18.7] |
16.6 (0.2) [16.3 to 17.0] |
15.5 (0.1) [15.3 to 15.8] |
14.2 (0.1) [13.9 to 14.5] |
11.8 (0.1) [11.6 to 12.1] |
| % Energy from fats, mean (SE) [95% CI]d | 35.6 (0.5) [34.5 to 36.7] |
34.9 (0.4) [34.1 to 35.7] |
34.3 (0.3) [33.8 to 34.8] |
33.2 (0.3) [32.6 to 33.7] |
28.9 (0.2) [28.4 to 29.4] |
| Saturated fatty acidsd | 11.3 (0.2) [10.8 to 11.7] |
11.3 (0.2) [10.9 to 11.7] |
11.4 (0.1) [11.1 to 11.7] |
11.0 (0.1) [10.7 to 11.3] |
9.7 (0.1) [9.4 to 9.9] |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acidsd | 7.8 (0.2) [7.4 to 8.2] |
7.5 (0.1) [7.2 to 7.8] |
7.2 (0.1) [6.9 to 7.3] |
6.9 (0.1) [6.6 to 7.2] |
5.8 (0.1) [5.7 to 6.0] |
| Monounsaturated fatty acidsd | 13.3 (0.2) [12.8 to 13.7] |
12.9 (0.2) [12.6 to 13.3] |
12.7 (0.1) [12.4 to 12.9] |
12.3 (0.1) [12.1 to 12.5] |
10.8 (0.1) [10.6 to 11.0] |
| Cholesterol intake, mean (SE) [95% CI], gd | 312 (10) [291 to 333] |
293 (9.2) [275 to 312] |
308 (7.2) [293 to 322] |
295 (6.7) [282 to 309] |
238 (7.7) [222 to 253] |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
n=4605; excluded pregnant respondents and respondents with implausible diet, diagnosed diabetes, triglyceride level greater than 400 mg/dL (to convert to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0113), or receiving treatment for elevated cholesterol levels.
Results were weighted and adjusted to account for NHANES complex sampling methodology.
Analysis of contrasts used to test trends, χ2 tests for categorical variables, and Wald F tests for continuous variables.
P<.001 for linear trend.
P<.05 for linear trend.
Income level was dichotomized based on poverty-income ratio (ratio of annual family income to federal poverty line). Below poverty indicates income at or below 130% of poverty.
Leisure-time physical activity over the previous month, defined as the sum of the duration (minutes)× frequency× metabolic equivalent intensity level (MET score) for each activity.
Calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
P<.01 for linear trend.
Systolic blood pressure of 130 mm Hg or greater and diastolic blood pressure of 85 mm Hg or greater or taking antihypertensive medication.