Table 2.

Attitudes and practices regarding tuberculosis among respondents in the rural and urban areas of two districts of Pakistan's Punjab province (n = 1080)

Attitude and Practices	Urban (n = 432)	Rural (n = 648)	P value	OR (95% CI)
	n (%)	n (%)
What would you do if you suspect you had symptoms of TB? (Intended health seeking behavior)
Health Facility	419 (97.0)	610 (94.1)	P = 0.030	2.01 (1.06-3.82)
Pharmacy	9 (2.1)	29 (4.5)	P = 0.037	0.45 (0.21-0.97)
Traditional Healer	2 (0.5)	23 (3.5)	P = 0.001	0.13 (0.03-0.54)
Self Treatment	1 (0.2)	9 (1.4)	P = 0.058	0.17 (0.02-1.31)
Others	6 (1.4)	8 (1.2)	P = 0.826	1.13 (0.39-3.27)
When you will go to a health facility after getting TB? (Intended health seeking behavior)
When treatment on my own does not work	7 (1.6)	34 (5.2)	P = 0.002	0.30 (0.13-0.68)
When symptoms last for 3 to 4 weeks	63 (14.6)	120 (18.5)	P = 0.091	0.75 (0.54-1.05)
As soon as I realize that my symptoms are of TB	361 (83.6)	484 (74.7)	P = 0.001	1.72 (1.26-2.35)
I would not go to Doctor	1 (0.2)	10 (1.5)	P = 0.058	0.15 (0.02-1.16)
How a TB patient is regarded in your community? (Community stigma)
Most people reject	215 (49.8)	302 (46.6)	P = 0.308	1.14 (0.89-1.45)
Most people friendly but avoid	138 (31.9)	210 (32.4)	P = 0.873	0.98 (0.75-1.27)
Most people support and help	79 (18.3)	136 (21.0)	P = 0.276	0.84 (0.62-1.15)
What would be your reaction if you were found out that you have TB? (Personal stigma)
Shame and/or embarrassment	361 (83.6)	463 (71.5)	P < 0.001	2.03 (1.50-2.76)
Fear and/or hopelessness	151 (35.0)	237 (36.6)	P = 0.587	0.93 (0.73-1.20)
Others	28 (6.5)	102 (15.7)	P < 0.001	0.37 (0.24-0.58)
How your relationship would changes if your close family member gets TB? (Family support to the patient)
Sympathy, support and help	352 (81.5)	481 (74.2)	P = 0.005	1.53 (1.13-2.06)
Hate	6 (1.4)	28 (4.3)	P = 0.007	0.31 (0.13-0.76)
Friendly but avoid	74 (17.1)	139 (21.5)	P = 0.081	0.76 (0.55-1.04)