Table 4. Associations of Cardiovascular Risk Factors With Serum Phosphorus Concentration.
| Covariate | No. of Patients | Serum Phosphorus Concentration (mg/dL) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted Mean (95% confidence interval) |
Adjusted Difference* (95% confidence interval) |
|||
| Diabetes mellitus | 0.2 | |||
| No | 14,215 | 3.44 (3.42 to 3.46) | Reference | |
| Yes | 1,280 | 3.48 (3.43 to 3.53) | 0.03 (−0.02 to 0.07) | |
| Hypertension | 0.2 | |||
| No | 10,717 | 3.45 (3.43 to 3.48) | Reference | |
| Yes | 4,771 | 3.41 (3.39 to 3.44) | −0.02 (−0.05 to 0.01) | |
| Hyperlipidemia | <0.001 | |||
| No | 12,026 | 3.43 (3.41 to 3.46) | Reference | |
| Yes | 3,450 | 3.48 (3.45 to 3.5) | 0.06 (0.03 to 0.08) | |
| Smoking | 0.001 | |||
| Never | 7,654 | 3.45 (3.42 to 3.48) | Reference | |
| Former | 3,863 | 3.39 (3.36 to 3.42) | 0 (−0.03 to 0.03) | |
| Current | 3,996 | 3.48 (3.45 to 3.51) | 0.06 (0.03 to 0.09) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | <0.001 | |||
| <18.5 | 308 | 3.58 (3.51 to 3.65) | 0.07 (0.01 to 0.13) | |
| 18.5-24.9 | 5,913 | 3.47 (3.44 to 3.49) | Reference | |
| 25-29.9 | 5,395 | 3.42 (3.39 to 3.45) | −0.02 (−0.04 to 0.01) | |
| 30-34.9 | 2,477 | 3.41 (3.38 to 3.44) | −0.05 (−0.08 to −0.01) | |
| ≥35 | 1,385 | 3.43 (3.39 to 3.47) | −0.05 (−0.09 to −0.01) | |
| Serum C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | 0.03 | |||
| <0.21 | 10,141 | 3.45 (3.42 to 3.47) | Reference | |
| ≥0.21 | 5,360 | 3.44 (3.41 to 3.47) | −0.03 (−0.05 to 0) | |
| 10-y Framingham risk score | <0.001 | |||
| <10% | 7,338 | 3.49 (3.46 to 3.51) | Reference | |
| 10%-20% | 1,459 | 3.38 (3.34 to 3.42) | −0.10 (−0.15 to −0.06) | |
| >20% | 441 | 3.33 (3.27 to 3.40) | −0.15 (−0.22 to −0.08) | |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate† (mL/min/1.73 m2) | <0.001 | |||
| <30 | 69 | 4.09 (3.82 to 4.36) | 0.66 (0.4 to 0.91) | |
| 30-44.9 | 298 | 3.46 (3.4 to 3.52) | 0.03 (−0.04 to 0.09) | |
| 45-59.9 | 1,134 | 3.48 (3.44 to 3.52) | 0.05 (0 to 0.1) | |
| 60-89.9 | 7,624 | 3.43 (3.41 to 3.45) | 0 (−0.04 to 0.03) | |
| ≥90 | 6,387 | 3.45 (3.42 to 3.48) | Reference | |
| Urine albumin-creatinine ratio‡ | 0.05 | |||
| Normal | 12,744 | 3.45 (3.42 to 3.47) | Reference | |
| Microalbuminuria | 2,067 | 3.41 (3.38 to 3.44) | −0.04 (−0.07 to −0.01) | |
| Macroalbuminuria | 322 | 3.43 (3.34 to 3.52) | −0.02 (−0.12 to 0.08) | |
Note: Glomerular filtration rate in mL/min/1.73 m2 may be converted to mL/s/1.73 m2 by multiplying by 0.01667.
*
Adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, time of day, and fasting status (10-year Framingham risk score adjusted race/ethnicity, time of day, and fasting status only).
†
Calculated using the simplified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation.20
‡
Urine albumin-creatinine ratio defined as normal (<17 mg/g for men, <25 mg/g for women), microalbuminuria (17 to 249 mg/g for men, 25 to 354 mg/g for women), or macroalbuminuria (≥250 mg/g for men, ≥355 mg/g for women).21