Table 1.

Secondary causes of porphyrinuria⁸

Secondary causes	Examples
Toxins	Alcohol, hexachlorobenzene, polyhalogenated biphenyls, dioxins (TCDD), vinyl chloride, carbon tetrachloride, benzene, chloroform, lead, mercury, arsenic
Liver damage	Cirrhosis, hepatitis, cholestasis, fatty liver, drug-induced liver damage
Drug effects	Some sedatives, anaesthetics and sulfa-containing antibiotics
Haematological disease	Hemolytic, sideroachrestic, sideroblastic, aplastic anaemias, ineffective erythropoiesis; pernicious anaemia, thalassemia, leukaemia, erythroblastosis
Malignancy	Particularly those affecting the hepato-pancreato-biliary system
Hereditary hyperbilirubinaemias
Infectious diseases	Infectious mononucleosis, poliomyelitis
Disturbances of iron metabolism	Haemochromatosis, haemosiderosis
Pregnancy
Diabetes mellitus