Table 6.
Studies among Indian populations in India
| Study | Study characteristics | Study population | Serum 25(OH)D (nmol/l) Mean ± SD a | Determinants for lower serum 25(OH)D |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adults | ||||
| Goswami et al. [19] | India, Delhi, in winter | Adult M, mean 31 years (n = 244) | 18 ± 9 | – |
| Adult F, mean 35 years (n = 398) | 17 ± 11 | |||
| Goswami et al. [41] | India, Agota village (29° N), in winter | Adult M, rural, mean 43 years (n = 32) | 44 ± 24 | Female gender |
| Adult F, rural, mean 43 years (n = 25) | 27 ± 16 | |||
| Harinarayan et al. [20] | India, Tirupati (13° N) | Adult M, urban, mean 46 years for urban M+F (n = 134) | 46 ± 22 | Urban subject |
| Adult M, urban, mean 43 years for urban M+F (n = 109) | 59 ± 20 | |||
| Adult F, urban, mean 46 years for urban M+F (n = 807) | 39 ± 20 | |||
| Adult F, rural, mean 43 years for rural M+F (n = 96) | 48 ± 22 | |||
| Zargar et al. [35] | India, Kashmir valley, all year round | Indian M, mean 29 years (n = 64) | 38 ± 30, 41% < 25 | Lower exposure to sunlight, female gender |
| Indian F, mean 27 years (n = 28) | 14 ± 11, 96% < 25 | |||
| Gulvady et al. [44] | India, Mumbai | Indian M, 40–68 years, senior executives (indoor workers; n = 86) | 28% < 19 | Earlier start of the workday |
| Vupputuri et al. [43] | India, Delhi (28° N) | Asian Indian M, mean 43 years (for both men and women), urban, middle income, mostly working indoors (n = 51) | 27 ± 17 | – |
| Asian Indian F, mean 43 years (for both men and women), urban, middle income, mostly housewives (n = 54) | 22 ± 12 | |||
| Harinarayan [65] | India, Tirupati (13° N), all year round | Indian F, mean 54 years, postmenopausal (n = 164) | 37 ± 18, 30% < 25 | Higher dietary calcium intake, higher dietary phytate intake, higher phytate to calcium ratio |
| Harinarayan et al. [21] | India, around Tirupati (13° N), winter to summer (Jan–Jul) | Indian, mean 44 years, rural (n = 191) | 53 ± 06, 03% < 25 | Urban subject, lower dietary calcium intake, higher phytate to calcium ratio |
| Indian, mean 46 years, urban (n = 125) | 34 ± 07, 35% < 25 | |||
| Goswami et al. [18] | India, Dehli (28° N), in winter or summer | Indian M, mean 25 years, soldiers, winter (n = 31) | 47 ± 12 | Less exposure to sunlight, more skin pigmentation, winter season |
| Indian M (58%)+F, mean 23 years, physicians and nurses, winter (n = 19) | 08 ± 03 | |||
| Indian M (67%)+F, mean 43 years, depigmented persons, winter (n = 15) | 18 ± 11 | |||
| Indian M (58%)+F, mean 24 years, physicians and nurses, summer (n = 19) | 18 ± 08 | |||
| Pregnant women | ||||
| Sahu et al. [36] | India, Barabanki district, 32 km from Lucknow (27°), all year round | Indian, rural, mean 27 years (n = 139) | 38 ± 20, 32% < 25 | Lower summer sun exposure, measurement in winter |
| Farrant et al. [66] | India, Mysore (South India) at the 30th week of pregnancy | Indian, mean 24 years (n = 559) | Median 38, 31% < 28 nmol/l | Taking calcium and vitamin D at recruitment, measurement in Mar–Aug |
| Bhalala et al. [45] | Western India, at the 37th week of pregnancy, all year round | Indian, 20–35 years, middle income group (n = 42) | 57 ± 27 | Lower serum 25(OH)D in mother → lower serum 25(OH)D in cord blood |
| Cord blood (n = 42) | 48 ± 24 | |||
| Sachan et al. [46] | India, Lucknow (27° N), before labor, autumn | Indian, total group (n = 207) | 43% < 25 | – |
| Indian, urban (n = 140) | 35 ± 24 | |||
| Indian, rural (n = 67) | 35 ± 22 | |||
| Goswami et al. [18] | India, Dehli (28° N), in summer | Indian, mean 23 years, poor socioeconomic class (n = 29) | 22 ± 11 | – |
| Children | ||||
| Sahu et al. [36] | India, Barabanki district, 32 km from Lucknow (27° N), all year round | Indian F, rural, mean 14 years, total group (n = 121) | 33 ± 16, 34% < 25 | Lower summer sun exposure, female gender, measurement in winter |
| Indian M, mean 14 years, brothers of the 28 girls, in winter (n = 34) | 68 ± 29, 36% < 25 | |||
| Indian F, mean 14 years, sisters of the 34 boys, in winter (n = 28) | 31 ± 14, 03% < 25 | |||
| Puri et al. [37] | India, Dehli (28° N), in summer | Indian F, mean 12 years (6–18), lower socioeconomic strata (n = 193) | 35 ± 17, 31% < 25 | Higher BMI, lower sun exposure, smaller percentage of body surface area exposed |
| Indian F, mean 12 years (6–18), upper socioeconomic strata (n = 211) | 29 ± 13, 39% < 25 | |||
| Harinarayan et al. [20] | India, Tirupati (13° N) | Indian M, urban, mean 13 years for urban M+F (n = 30) | 39 ± 17 | – |
| Indian M, rural, mean 13 years for rural M+F (n = 34) | 43 ± 22 | |||
| Indian F, urban, mean 13 years for urban M+F (n = 39) | 46 ± 28 | |||
| Indian F, rural, mean 13 years for rural M+F (n = 36) | 48 ± 23 | |||
| Bhalala et al. [45] | Western India, all year round | Indian, 3 months, exclusively breast fed, from middle income mothers (n = 35) | 45 ± 24 | Lower serum 25(OH)D in mother |
| Khadilkar et al. [67] | India, Pune (18° N), in winter | Post-menarchal F, mean 15 years (n = 50) | 70% < 30 | – |
| Sivakumar et al. [68, 69] | India, Hyderabad, end of winter, summer (Mar and Jul) | Indian, M+F, 6–18 years, middle income, semi-urban (n = 328) | 26% < 25 | – |
| Marwaha et al. [42] | India, New Dehli (28° N) | Indian M, 10–18 years (n = 325) | 27% < 22.5 | Female gender, lower socioeconomic status |
| Indian F, 10–18 years (n = 435) | 42% < 22.5 | |||
| Indian M (39%)+F, 10–18 years, low socioeconomic group (n = 430) | 42% < 22.5 | |||
| Indian M (48%)+F, 10–18 years, upper socioeconomic group (n = 330) | 27% < 22.5 | |||
| Sachan et al. [46] | India, Lucknow (27° N), autumn | Indian neonates (cord blood, n = 207) | 21 ± 14 | Lower serum 25(OH)D in mother |
| Tiwari and Puliyel [70] | India, Dehli, in winter or summer | 9–30 months, Sundernagari area, winter (n = 47) | 96 ± 26 | – |
| 9–30 months, Rajiv Colony area, winter (n = 49) | 24 ± 27 | |||
| 9–30 months, Rajiv Colony area, summer (n = 48) | 18 ± 22 | |||
| 9–30 months, Gurgaon area, summer (n = 52) | 19 ± 20 | |||
| Agarwal et al. [38] | India, Dehli (28° N), end of winter | Mean 16 months (9–24), Mori Gate area (high pollution; n = 26) | 31 ± 18 | Atmospheric pollution |
| Mean 16 months (9–24), Gurgaon area (low pollution; n = 31) | 68 ± 18 | |||
| Goswami et al. [18] | India, Dehli (28° N), in summer | Indian M (55%)+F, newborns from mothers from poor socioeconomic class (n = 29) Cord blood | 17 ± 05 | Lower serum 25(OH)D in mother |
SD standard deviation
a Unless mentioned otherwise