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Schematic of the multiscale paradigm. A, Homogenization involves calculating apparent material properties of the model at some scale i from simulations with the model that operates at the lower scale i 2 1. B, In localization, special regions of interest (ROI) are identified at some scale of interest i; more detailed simulations are then carried out in these regions of interest using the model that operates at scale i 2 1 [See online article for color version of this figure.]
