Nodulation phenotype of CIP73-specific RNAi-transformed hairy roots. A, Five representative images of plants transformed with the CIP73 RNAi-1 construct compared with plants that were transformed with an empty vector (control). The plants were inoculated with M. loti MAFF303099 and grown in the absence of nitrogen, and the photographs were taken at 4 weeks after inoculation. B and C, Nodulation phenotype of control vector transgenic roots (B) and RNAi-1 transgenic roots (C). The transgenic hairy roots were further confirmed by GUS staining before photographing. Arrowheads indicate nodule positions on the roots. D, Total nodule number of vector control and two RNAi construct transgenic roots determined 4 weeks after inoculation with M. loti MAFF303099. E and F, Estimation of CIP73 transcripts in transgenic hairy roots by quantitative real-time RT-PCR (E) and RT-PCR (F). Bars = 2 cm for A and 2 mm for B and C. [See online article for color version of this figure.]