Effect of ZmPep1 treatment on benzoxazinoid defenses. A, Levels of benzoxazinoids in intact leaves after 24 h of treatment with water or 25 pmol of ZmPep1 (n = 4; ±se). FW, Fresh weight. B, Relative ratios of benzoxazinoids to one another in untreated plants versus water- and ZmPep1-treated plants. C, Time course of transcript accumulation of BX1 in leaves treated with water or ZmPep1. Relative transcript abundance was measured by semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR with normalization to an actin control (n = 3; ±se). For all graphs in A, different letters (a and b) represent significant differences (all ANOVAs, P < 0.02; Tukey test corrections for multiple comparisons, P < 0.05). n.s.d. (not statistically different) indicates ANOVA P > 0.05. For the graph in C, at the time point of greatest mean change, different letters (a and b) represent significant differences (all ANOVAs, P < 0.05; Tukey test corrections for multiple comparisons, P < 0.05).