ZmPep1-induced resistance to anthracnose stalk rot caused by C. graminicola. A, Necrosis in stems that were pretreated for 3 h with water or 5 nmol of ZmPep1. B, Percentage of stem rotted at 4 d after infection. C, C. graminicola-induced cell death as measured by ion leakage. For all data shown, n = 5 (±se). For the graph in B, asterisks represent significant differences from the water-treated control (P < 0.002). For the graph in C, at the time point of greatest mean change, different letters (a–c) represent significant differences (all ANOVAs, P < 0.001; Tukey test corrections for multiple comparisons, P < 0.05).