TABLE 1.
Characteristics of Never Smokers at Baseline and Association With Exposure to Retail Tobacco Marketing
| Characteristics at Baseline | n | Value | Shopping Frequency, visits/wk |
P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low | Moderate | High | ||||
| Grade level, % | 1356 | .120 | ||||
| 6 | 504 | 37.2 | 33.0 | 38.5 | 40.2 | |
| 7 | 410 | 30.2 | 32.5 | 27.7 | 30.5 | |
| 8 | 442 | 32.6 | 34.5 | 33.8 | 29.4 | |
| Male gender, % | 1354 | 44.2 | 42.2 | 43.4 | 46.8 | .355 |
| Hispanic ethnicity, % | 1342 | 40.2 | 30.6 | 38.5 | 51.1 | <.001 |
| Racial minority | 1351 | 46.0 | 46.4 | 48.2 | 43.2 | .317 |
| Self-reported grades (mostly Bs or below), % | 1351 | 38.8 | 31.3 | 37.9 | 46.9 | <.001 |
| Unsupervised after school (>2 d/wk), % | 1342 | 50.2 | 42.3 | 55.0 | 53.8 | <.001 |
| Risk-taking propensity (4 = max), mean ± SD | 1355 | 2.4 ± 0.9 | 2.3 ± 0.9 | 2.5 ± 0.8 | 2.6 ± 1.0 | <.001 |
| At least 1 parent/household smoker, % | 1353 | 38.0 | 27.3 | 39.7 | 47.1 | <.001 |
| At least 1 friend smokes, % | 1354 | 9.7 | 8.2 | 9.2 | 11.7 | .180 |
| Perceived exposure, mean ± SD | ||||||
| See smoking in movies/television (4 = often) | 1352 | 2.8 ± 0.9 | 2.6 ± 0.9 | 2.9 ± 0.9 | 2.3 ± 1.0 | <.001 |
| See cigarette ads in stores (4 = often) | 1354 | 3.2 ± 0.8 | 3.1 ± 0.8 | 3.3 ± 0.8 | 3.4 ± 0.8 | <.001 |
| Cigarette brand impressions/wk, mean ± SD | 1354 | 324.7 ± 501.2 | 113.9 ± 266.8 | 226.9 ± 304.9 | 633.4 ± 663.6 | <.001 |
P values derived from χ2 or analysis of variance. All proportions are column percentages unless otherwise noted. For example, 33% of students who reported low shopping frequency were sixth-graders.