Table 3.

Summary of postoperative measurements after varicocele repair. Data is limited to statistically significant differences from randomized controlled trials

Type of Varicocele	Improvements in Semen Parameters			Improvements in spontaneous PR
Type of Varicocele	Concentration	Motility	Morphology	Improvements in spontaneous PR
Subclinical Yamamoto¹⁰⁸ Unal¹⁰⁹ Grasso¹¹⁰	+ + +	− + −	− − −	− − −
Clinical Nilsson¹¹¹ Breznik¹¹² ^* Madgar⁸⁶ Nieschlag¹¹⁶ Krause¹¹³	− − + + −	− − + − −	− Not assessed + − −	− − + − −

Note: Study included subclinical and clinical varicoceles.