Table 3.
Associations between individual and municipality characteristics and CHD incidence (hazard ratios and 95% CI), GAZEL cohort, 1990–2000, men residing in high-urbanicity degree municipalities
| Empty model | Model including socioeconomic characteristics | Model further including the municipality variable | Model further including risk factors | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (unit = 5 years) | 3.15 (2.30 to 4.31) | 4.42 (3.15 to 6.20) | 4.48 (3.19 to 6.28) | 4.35 (3.08 to 6.12) |
| Occupation (vs. high white-collar workers) | ||||
| Low white-collar workers | 1.68 (1.04 to 2.70) | 1.62 (1.01 to 2.61) | 1.64 (1.01 to 2.64) | |
| Blue-collar workers | 1.82 (0.97 to 3.43) | 1.79 (0.95 to 3.35) | 1.79 (0.95 to 3.40) | |
| Single (vs. married or cohabiting) | 1.20 (0.68 to 2.13) | 1.20 (0.68 to 2.13) | 1.04 (0.58 to 1.87) | |
| Low educational attainment | 1.80 (1.13 to 2.85) | 1.71 (1.08 to 2.72) | 1.61 (1.01 to 2.55) | |
| Income (vs. high income) | ||||
| Medium income | 1.09 (0.69 to 1.73) | 1.09 (0.69 to 1.72) | 1.05 (0.66 to 1.67) | |
| Low income | 1.34 (0.85 to 2.12) | 1.30 (0.82 to 2.06) | 1.26 (0.79 to 2.00) | |
| Municipality percentage of CEOs (vs. 4th quartile) | ||||
| 3rd quartile | 1.10 (0.66 to 1.83) | 1.05 (0.63 to 1.76) | ||
| 2nd quartile | 1.39 (0.86 to 2.27) | 1.36 (0.84 to 2.22) | ||
| 1st quartile | 1.74 (1.08 to 2.79) | 1.58 (0.98 to 2.56) | ||
| BMI (vs. below 25) | ||||
| Between 25 and 30 | 1.21 (0.84 to 1.76) | |||
| Greater than 30 | 1.94 (1.08 to 3.51) | |||
| Smoking (vs. non-smokers) | ||||
| Former smokers | 1.21 (0.77 to 1.89) | |||
| Light to moderate smokers | 1.77 (1.08 to 2.90) | |||
| Hard smokers | 2.79 (1.77 to 4.40) | |||
| Diabetes | 2.08 (0.88 to 4.91) | |||
| Hypertension | 1.58 (1.04 to 2.40) | |||
| Cholesterol | 2.27 (1.56 to 3.29) | |||
| Area-level variance (p-value) | 0.125 (p=0.008) | 0.077 (p=0.10) | 0.064 (p=0.15) | 0.072 (p=0.11) |