Table 1.
Characteristics of the Pittsburgh EDC Pulse Wave Analysis population by albuminuria categories and by renal function categories
| Albuminuria (μg/min) | eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | Cystatin C (mg/l) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normo (AER<20) | Micro (AER=20–200) | Macro (AER>200) | >90 | 60–89 | 15–59 | <1.0 | ≥1.0 | |
| N (%) | 91 (70.0) | 25 (19.2) | 14 (10.8) | 29 (22.5) | 75 (58.1) | 25 (19.4) | 98 (83.1) | 20 (16.9) |
| Augmentation Index (%) | 22.1±11.0 | 21.1±10.1 | 26.1±12.1 | 19.9±10.8b* | 22.3±10.8 | 27.2±9.22 | 21.3±10.6** | 28.1±12.1 |
| Augmentation Pressure (mmHg) | 7.54±4.62b** | 8.84±7.13 | 13.7±10.4 | 7.00±5.11b** | 8.24±5.97 | 11.9±7.41 | 7.71±4.88** | 13.6±9.98 |
| Subendocardial Viability Ratio (%) | 149.3±26.5b** | 126.7±30.3 | 131.6±35.6 | 147.2±24.1b | 143.1±32.2 | 134.4±36.0 | 143.9±29.4 | 133.6±42.1 |
| Age (years) | 43.3±6.57 | 46.8±8.69 | 44.2±7.41 | 40.6±4.37b*** | 44.2±7.83 | 49.3±5.90 | 43.7±7.12** | 49.2±6.58 |
| Diabetes Duration (years) | 35.2±6.09 | 39.1±7.38 | 35.1±6.77 | 33.8±5.34b** | 36.2±6.70 | 39.3±7.17 | 36.0±6.33 | 37.9±7.20 |
| Sex (% male) | 46.2 | 60.0 | 57.1 | 58.6** | 53.3 | 28.0 | 55.1 | 40.0 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.33±1.15b** | 8.00±1.70 | 8.28±1.30 | 7.71±1.62 | 7.52±1.27 | 7.43±0.98 | 7.53±1.28 | 7.56±1.34 |
| eGDR (mg/kg/min) | 8.33±1.97c*** | 6.82±2.27 | 5.56±2.21 | 7.88±2.36 | 7.92±2.09 | 7.28±2.28 | 7.94±2.09** | 6.64±2.51 |
| Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 109.3±11.5c*** | 115.7±13.1 | 139.5±15.5 | 108.5±13.4b** | 114.4±14.3 | 120.4±20.5 | 112.4±14.3** | 124.3±19.3 |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 65.4±8.23b*** | 63.3±9.12 | 75.6±11.7 | 67.2±7.07 | 65.7±9.30 | 66.6±11.8 | 65.6±8.42 | 66.7±13.9 |
| Heart Rate (bpm) | 76.7±13.0 | 82.6±12.4 | 79.9±14.0 | 78.0±13.1 | 79.1±13.7 | 76.2±11.0 | 79.0±12.9 | 74.2±13.1 |
| Non-HDL-c (mg/dL) | 111.1±27.3 | 107.0±34.0 | 144.9±52.8 | 111.3±28.1 | 116.3±33.1 | 108.4±38.1 | 111.5±31.9 | 119.2±40.8 |
| HDL-c (mg/dL) | 60.3±16.7 | 55.5±15.8 | 57.115.9 | 59.3±17.2 | 60.0±16.7 | 56.3±15.2 | 58.6±16.3 | 57.2±16.1 |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 26.7±4.34a | 27.3±4.89 | 28.9±3.99 | 26.5±4.46a | 26.9±4.39 | 28.6±4.65 | 26.7±4.26 | 27.1±4.20 |
| Waist-to-Hip Ratio | 0.85±0.09b** | 0.91±0.09 | 0.90±0.7 | 0.86±0.07b** | 0.86±0.09 | 0.89±0.11 | 0.87±0.09 | 0.90±0.10 |
| Albumin Excretion Rate (μg/min) | 5.29 (3.8–6.9)c*** | 5.88 (4.0–24.1) | 22.0 (8.5–241.1) | 6.09 (4.0–17.8)*** | 93.7 (22.5–608.9) | |||
| Serum Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.93±0.17c*** | 1.12±0.42 | 1.32±0.39 | 0.80±0.10c*** | 0.97±0.13 | 1.37±0.46 | 0.94±0.16*** | 1.42±0.50 |
| Cystatin C (mg/l) | 0.80±0.12c*** | 0.98±0.34 | 1.24±0.50 | 0.74±0.09c*** | 0.82±0.12 | 1.19±0.36 | ||
| MDRD eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 78.4±15.1c*** | 69.7±19.9 | 56.7±18.0 | 78.9±14.1*** | 49.0±14.6 | |||
Data are presented as either n (%), mean±SD, or median (IQR).
Comparisons within albuminuria, MDRD eGFR, or Cystatin C categories:
*
p<0.10,
**
p<0.05,
***
p<0.001.
a
significant linear trend, p<0.10,
b
significant linear trend, p<0.05,
c
significant linear trend, p<0.001
Abbreviations: EDC, Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications; AER, albumin excretion rate; eGDR, estimated glucose disposal rate; HDL-c, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; MDRD, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.