Figure 1.

Evidence for oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in Cav-1 (−/−) null mouse tissues: ADMA and Ketones. Note that both 3-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) and asymmetric dimethyl arginine (ADMA) are increased ∼3–4 fold in Cav-1 (−/−) mammary fat pads. Similar results were obtained with lung tissue harvested from Cav-1 (−/−) mice. Importantly, ADMA is a marker of endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress; it can also drive oxidative stress, as it functions as an uncoupler of NoS family member, inhibiting the production No and producing superoxide instead. In addition, BHBA is a ketone body known to be a marker of mitochondrial dysfunction. oxidative stress induces mitochrondrial dysfunction and visa versa, driving autophagy and mitophagy.