Table 1.
Studies used for the analysis of toxins and digestibility reducers in native and invasive individuals
| Toxins | Native | Invasive | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Species | Compound | P;R | Area | Conc. | P;R. | Area | Conc. | Sig | Reference |
| Alliaria petiolata | Sinigrin | 3;30 | EU | 16.1 μmol/g | 3;30 | NA | 49.6 μmol/g | ** | (Lewis et al. 2006) |
| Senecio inaequidens^ | Pyrrolizidine alkaloids | 3;10 | AF | 0.00 μg/g | 3;10 | EU | 0.81 μg/g | * | (Cano et al. 2009) |
| Senecio pterophorus^ | Pyrrolizidine alkaloids | 3;10 | AF | 0.24 μg/g | 3;10 | EU | 1.04 μg/g | * | (Cano et al. 2009) |
| Senecio jacobaea^ | Pyrrolizidine alkaloids | 15;4 | EU | 2.03 μg/g | 16;4 | NA/AU/NZ | 3.84 μg/g | *** | (Joshi and Vrieling 2005) |
| Hypericum perforatum | Hypericin | 17;20 | EU | 0.27 mg/g | 32;20 | NA | 0.2 mg/g | ** | (Maron et al. 2004) |
| Hypericum perforatum | Hypericide | 17;10 | EU | 28 mg/g | 32;10 | NA | 22.8 mg/g | n.s. | (Maron et al. 2004) |
| Centaurea maculosa | Catechin | 4;5 | EU | 24 μg/ml | 11;5 | NA | 42 μg/ml | n.s. | (Ridenour et al. 2008) |
| Cynoglossum officinale^ | Pyrrolizidine alkaloids | 4;10 | EU | 0.07 mg/g | 3;10 | NA | 0.068 mg/g | n.s. | (Eigenbrode et al. 2008) |
| Solidago gigantean | Sesquiterpenes | 10;8 | NA | 1.36 mg/g | 20;4 | EU | 1.25 mg/g | n.s. | (Hull-Sanders et al. 2007) |
| Solidago gigantean | Diterpenes | 10;8 | NA | 1.20 mg/g | 20;4 | EU | 1.04 mg/g | n.s. | (Hull-Sanders et al. 2007) |
| Lepidium draba | Total glucosinolates | 11;5 | EU | 62.34 μmol/g | 10;5 | NA | 71.78 μmol/g | n.s. | (Müller and Martens 2005) |
| Lepidium draba | Total glucosinolates | 11;5 | EU | 46.4 μmol/g | 10;5 | NA | 43.5 μmol/g | n.s. | (Müller and Martens 2005) |
| Alliaria petiolata | Total glucosinolates | 7;10 | EU | 0.35 mg/g | 7;10 | NA | 0.21 mg/g | n.s. | (Cipollini et al. 2005) |
| Digestibility reducers | |||||||||
| Silene latifolia | Trichomes | 20;10 | EU | 84.5 no./3.2 mm2 | 20;10 | NA | 88.5 no./3.2 mm2 | n.s. | (Blair and Wolfe 2004) |
| Silene latifolia | Trichomes | 20;10 | EU | 114 no/3.2 mm2 | 20;10 | NA | 107 no/3.2 mm2 | n.s. | (Blair and Wolfe 2004) |
| Centaurea maculosa | Trichomes | 22;5 | EU | 94 no./cm2 | 23;5 | NA | 135 no./cm2 | ** | (Ridenour et al. 2008) |
| Senecio jacobaea | Dry matter | 8;7 | EU | 144 mg/g | 14;7 | NA/AU/NZ | 122 mg/g | * | (Doorduin unpublished) |
| Alliaria petiolata | Trypsin inhibitors | 7;10 | EU | 11.8 units/g dw | 4;10 | NA | 30.4 units/g dw | n.s. | (Cipollini et al. 2005) |
| Ageratina adenophora | Cell wall proteint. | 5;10 | ME | 0.69 g/m2 | 10;10 | CH/IN | 0.39 g/m2 | * | (Feng et al. 2009) |
| Fucus evanescens | Phlorotannin | 3;10 | SW | 27.9 mg/g | 3;10 | ICE | 57.1 mg/g | * | (Wikström et al. 2006) |
| Lythrum salicaria | Total phenolics | 6;10 | EU | 4.8 mg/g | 6;10 | NA | 3.3 mg/g | ** | (Willis et al. 1999) |
| Sapium sebiferum | Tannins | 1;7 | CH | 1.59% dr. wt. | 3;8 | NA | 0.09% dr. wt. | * | (Siemann and Rogers 2001) |
Studies used for the analysis on pyrrolizidine alkaloids alone are indicated with ^. In the P; R column the number of populations are given followed by the number of replicates. In the Area column, the region of origin is indicated where EU stands for Europe, AF for Africa, NA for North America, ME for Mexico, AU for Australia, NZ for New Zealand, CH for China, IN for India, SW for Sweden and ICE for Iceland. In the Conc. column the concentration of defence compounds are indicated. Significance levels are indicated in the column Sig. with n.s. for not significant, * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 and *** P < 0.001