Figure 1.
Signaling pathways downstream of IL-4 receptors. IL-4 receptors can signal through the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) cascades, or through insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-mediated activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt and Ras-MAPK pathways.