Table 4.
Characteristics and results of cross-sectional studies
| Author | Study score [25] | Subjects | Mode of measurement of physical activity | Classification of physical activity | Duration of measure | Relevant outcome measure | Main results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Verbunt et al. [56] | 10 | 13 CLBP 13 controls 18–60 years |
Tracmor accelerometer: counts/min and DLW (PAL = ADMR/RMR) | PAL = ADMR/RMR <1.60, low 1.60 < PAL < 1.85, moderate >1.85, high |
14 days of continual monitoring | RMDQ and VAS | Correlation of PA (Tracmor) and RMDQ: (r = 0.10, p = 0.76) Correlation of PAL and RMDQ: (r = −0.06, p = 0.74) |
| Verbunt et al. [57] | 16 | 123 sub-acute LBP 18–60 years | RT3 triaxial accelerometer Activity log BPAQ |
RT3 counts per day (LBP PAL) |
7 days of continual monitoring | VAS score QBPDS BDI |
PAL did not contribute to the explanation of disability. PAL versus QBPDS (p = −0.16) |
| Cunha et al. [10] | 11 | 51 subjects with non-specific LBP (26–65 years of age) | The self-reported PA rating (scale of 0–8) | Scale rating (0–8) | N/A | RMDQ | Correlation of PA with RMDQ (r = −0.04) |
| Johansson et al. [26] | 14 | 72 participants (18–65 years) with duration of LBP of at least 4 weeks | The general activity scale (self-reported questionnaire) | Scale: 18 items perform activities (0 = never, 6 = very often) | N/A | RMDQ | No significant relationship between PA and RMDQ. Low negative correlation of RM-SW with general activity (r = 0.27, p < 0.05) |
| Jacob et al. [25] | 17 | 555 non-specific LBP aged 22–70 years | BPAQ (self-administered) | BPAQ score classification into occupational, sports and leisure time activity score | N/A | Modified RMDQ SFI and SBI | Significant relationship between SAI and (Beta, 95% CI) RMDQ (−0.09, −0.1 to −0.02) SFI (−0.08, −0.14 to −0.02) SBI (−0.06, −0.1 to −0.005) |
ADMR average daily metabolic rate, BDI Beck depression inventory, BPAQ Baecke physical activity questionnaire, CLBP chronic low back pain, DLW doubly labelled water, LBP low back pain, MET metabolic equivalent task, NRS numerical rating scale, PA physical activity, PAL physical activity level, PE physical exercise, QBPDS Quebec back pain disability scale, RMDQ 24-item Roland Morris low back pain disability questionnaire, RMR resting metabolic rate, SAI sport activity index, SBI pain symptoms bothersomeness, SFI pain symptoms frequency, TSK Tampa scale for kinesiophobia, VAS visual analogue scale